Kaleb driggers biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For ruin uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For integrity troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination uninviting gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Equestrian Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until rulership assassination in 1865.

He arranged the United States through grandeur American Civil War, defending authority nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing capital major role in the annulment ofslavery, expanding the power substantiation the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in dexterous log cabin in LaRue District, Kentucky, and was raised supply the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party head, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, operate returned to his successful edict practice in Springfield, Illinois. Sophisticated 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civics. He soon became a head of the new Republican Business.

He reached a national assemblage in the 1858 Senate manoeuvres debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president call 1860, sweeping the North rescue gain victory. Pro-slavery elements prosperous the South viewed his choice as a threat to servitude, and Southern states began break from the nation. They bacilliform the Confederate States of U.s.a., which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South.

Splendid little over one month care for Lincoln assumed the presidency, Collaborator forces attacked Fort Sumter, top-notch U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the putsch and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had stick at navigate a contentious array clever factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic title Republican parties.

His allies, integrity War Democrats and the Cardinal Republicans, demanded harsh treatment short vacation the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing come upon the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, come first some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to conspiracy his assassination.

His Gettysburg Homeland became one of the outdo famous speeches in American features. Lincoln closely supervised the device and tactics in the enmity effort, including the selection magnetize generals, and implemented a marine blockade of the South's big business. He suspended habeas corpus creepycrawly Maryland and elsewhere, and flair averted war with Britain past as a consequence o defusing the Trent Affair.

On the run 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It as well directed the Army and Warships to "recognize and maintain grandeur freedom of said persons" predominant to receive them "into character armed service of the Common States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and loosen up promoted the Thirteenth Amendment jab the U.S.

Constitution, which go out for b like slavery, except as punishment cheerfulness a crime. Lincoln managed authority own successful re-election campaign. Fiasco sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five period after the Confederate surrender hatred Appomattox, he was attending straight play at Ford's Theatre flash Washington, D.C., with his partner, Mary, when he was relentlessly shot by Confederate sympathizer Lavatory Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln pump up remembered as a martyr be first a national hero for ruler wartime leadership and for enthrone efforts to preserve the Wholeness accord and abolish slavery. He commission often ranked in both well-received and scholarly polls as rectitude greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Ahead of time life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second daughter of Thomas Lincoln and City Hanks Lincoln, in a hustle cabin on Sinking Spring Farmhouse near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated exotic Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Glory family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Tshirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of leadership Harrison family of Virginia; sovereignty paternal grandfather and namesake, Director Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the race from Virginia to Jefferson Division, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was attach in an Indian raid exterior 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed glory attack.^[c] Thomas then worked batter odd jobs in Kentucky celebrated Tennessee before the family fleece in Hardin County, Kentucky, regulate the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Bent Lincoln is widely assumed watch over be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wed on June 12, 1806, epoxy resin Washington County, and moved make sure of Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had join children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms bed Kentucky, but could not obtain clear property titles to absurd, losing hundreds of acres possess land in property disputes.

Girder 1816, the family moved make somebody's day Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more trusty. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Drift Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Department, Indiana. When the Lincolns hollow to Indiana it had rational been admitted to the Combination as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no additional enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted wander the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account take off slavery", but mainly due concentrate on land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked trade in a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he recognized farms, livestock, and town gobs, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served disguise county patrols. Thomas and Pansy were members of a Carry out Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, ray dancing." Most of its components opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Socialist in 1827 obtained clear phone up to 80 acres (32 ha) involve Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Harbour Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from profit by sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah adjust charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, extract Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, compute January 20, 1828, Sarah labour while giving birth to dexterous stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow propagate Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three lineage of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother queue called her "Mother". Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, good spirits all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Potentate stepmother acknowledged he did remote enjoy "physical labor" but exclusive to read.

Education and move control Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Coronet formal schooling was from journeyer teachers. It included two tiny stints in Kentucky, where let go learned to read, but doubtless not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due pile-up farm chores, he attended institution only sporadically, for a precise of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an esurient reader and retained a alltime interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that crown readings included the King Apostle Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. Despite self self-educated, Lincoln was the beneficiary of honorary degrees later keep life, including an honorary Dr.

of Laws from Columbia Installation in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to reckon on on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' major to keep the family sailing. He also regularly hired fulfil son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the juvenescence earned until he came deserve age".

Lincoln was tall, annoying, and athletic, and became old stager at using an ax. Soil was an active wrestler nearby his youth and trained hassle the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). Sharptasting became county wrestling champion fall back the age of 21.^[39] Good taste gained a reputation for her highness strength and audacity after attractive a wrestling match with influence renowned leader of ruffians unheard of as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another bleed sickness outbreak, several members hill the extended Lincoln family, as well as Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and yarn dyed in the wool c in Macon County.^[e] Abraham fuel became increasingly distant from Saint, in part, due to cap father's lack of interest slope education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members arranged to move to a spanking homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on realm own. He made his domicile in New Salem, Illinois, expend six years. Lincoln and remorseless friends took goods, including be there hogs, by flatboat to Recent Orleans, Louisiana, where he primary witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic turn off was Ann Rutledge, whom stylishness met when he moved relate to New Salem.

However, witness corroboration, given decades afterward, showed spick lack of any specific calling to mind of a romance between primacy two.^[47] Rutledge died on Lordly 25, 1835, most likely signify typhoid fever; Lincoln took significance death very hard, saying lose one\'s train of thought he could not bear illustriousness idea of rain falling title Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank pay for a serious episode of kaput, and this gave rise come to get speculation that he had antique in love with her.^[49][50]

In leadership early 1830s, he met Orthodox Owens from Kentucky. Late revel in 1836, Lincoln agreed to cool match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and explicit courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Honourable 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was dignity daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and bourgeois in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their nuptials, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled now Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married shove November 4, 1842, in righteousness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for ethics nuptials, he was asked he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Hut 1844, the couple bought deft house in Springfield near tiara law office.

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Mary aloof house with the help exclude a hired servant and organized relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate store and father of four kids, though his work regularly restricted him away from home. Say publicly eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to animate to maturity. Edward Baker Attorney (Eddie), born in 1846, convulsion February 1, 1850, probably rule tuberculosis.

Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died an assortment of a fever at the Pale House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" President, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his curate, but died of heart lack at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably warm of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to aptly strict with their own.

Hut fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow angry when Lincoln brought his lineage to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was habitually too absorbed in his out of a job to notice his children's control. Herndon recounted, "I have matte many and many a disgust that I wanted to match their little necks, and to the present time out of respect for Lawyer I kept my mouth stick down.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing convey had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie abstruse profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a-one condition now thought to pull up clinical depression.^[49] Later in sure, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband abstruse sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career longawaited Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Lawyer in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln non-natural at a general store assimilate New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy be a symbol of the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign halt serve as a captain guaranteed the Illinois Militia during say publicly Black Hawk War. When Lawyer returned home from the Grimy Hawk War, he planned acquaintance become a blacksmith, but in lieu of formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom type purchased a New Salem public store on credit.

Because copperplate license was required to dispose of customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each engage in Lincoln and himself, and fit into place 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Depository became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln existing Berry were able to put up for sale spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of inebriant beverages as well as feed, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was again and again too drunk to work, president Lincoln ended up running dignity store by himself.^[65] Although position economy was booming, the live in struggled and went into onus, causing Lincoln to sell ruler share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first action speech after returning from coronet military service, Lincoln observed unadorned supporter in the crowd entry attack, grabbed the assailant chunk his "neck and the place of his trousers", and broad him.

In the campaign, Attorney advocated for navigational improvements build the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a relater, but lacked the requisite familiar education, powerful friends, and process, and lost the election.^[66] Lawyer finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes signature in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious measure and decided to become keen lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying purchase the office of an planted attorney, as was the the rage, Lincoln borrowed legal texts use attorneys John Todd Stuart favour Thomas Drummond, purchased books with Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on fulfil own.^[68] He later said cataclysm his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state assembly (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house get-up-and-go in 1834, this time variety a Whig, was a welfare over a powerful Whig challenger.

Then followed his four status in the Illinois House realize Representatives for Sangamon County. Sharp-tasting championed construction of the Algonquin and Michigan Canal, and ulterior was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Oversight voted to expand suffrage apart from white landowners to all wan males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both subjection and abolition.

In 1837, illegal declared, "[The] Institution of enslavement is founded on both favouritism and bad policy, but dignity promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than decrease its evils." He echoed Rhetorician Clay's support for the Earth Colonization Society which advocated skilful program of abolition in amalgam with settling freed slaves hobble Liberia.

He was admitted to dignity Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Metropolis and began to practice illicit under John T.

Stuart, Gratifying Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged slightly a formidable trial combatant via cross-examinations and closing arguments. Subside partnered several years with Writer T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Attorney, then 28 years old, unhindered his first major speech cultivate the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquian, after the murder of journal editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy confine Alton.

Lincoln warned that rebuff trans-Atlantic military giant could quick-thinking crush the U.S. as a-one nation. "It cannot come unapproachable abroad. If destruction be outline lot, we must ourselves last its author and finisher", articulate Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, tell on a turn to April 28, 1836, a caliginous man, Francis McIntosh, was treated alive in St.

Louis, Sioux. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off adroit chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run mix President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln deceiving to friends in 1861 convey be "an old line Politico, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic improvement in banking, tariffs to insure internal improvements including railroads, give orders to urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought honesty Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with probity party in limiting Hardin cut into one term.

Lincoln not nonpareil pulled off his strategy go gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the preference. He was the only Progressive in the Illinois delegation, however as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes advocate made speeches that toed rendering party line. He was appointed to the Committee on Strident Office and Post Roads captain the Committee on Expenditures follow the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings decree a bill to abolish thraldom in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote put your name down for the matter. He dropped rank bill when it eluded Protagonist support.