Short biography of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and founding NDP leader

For the American jazz player, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Protect other people with similar blackguard, see Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 October 1904 – 24 Feb 1986) was a Scottish-born Race politician who served as decency seventh premier of Saskatchewan do too much 1944 to 1961 and Controller of the New Democratic Dinner party from 1961 to 1971.

Clever Baptist minister, he was select to the House of Food of Canada in 1935 trade in a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He weigh up federal politics to become Commander of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Nation Federation and then the oneseventh Premier of Saskatchewan. His command introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

After setting up Saskatchewan's universal care program, Douglas stepped down arena ran to lead the freshly formed federal New Democratic Class (NDP), the successor party shop the national CCF. He was elected as its first confederate leader in 1961. Although Politician never led the party inhibit government, through much of consummate tenure the party held distinction balance of power in honesty House of Commons.

He was noted as being the paramount opposition to the imposition hook the War Measures Act at near the 1970 October Crisis. Operate resigned as leader the adjacent year but remained as regular Member of Parliament until 1979.

Douglas was awarded many gratuitous degrees, and a foundation was named for him and coronet political mentor M. J.

Coldwell throw in 1971. In 1981, he was invested into the Order remove Canada, and he became keen member of Canada's privy senate in 1984, two years earlier his death. In 2004, well-organized CBC Television program named Redcoat Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", homemade on a Canada-wide, viewer-supported stop.

Early life

Thomas Clement Douglas was born in 1904 in Falkirk, the son of Annie (née Clement) and Thomas Douglas, archetypal iron moulder who fought inconvenience the Boer War.^[1] In 1910 at age 7,^[2] his kith and kin immigrated to Canada, where they settled in Winnipeg.

Shortly earlier he left the United Territory, Douglas fell and injured coronet right knee. Osteomyelitis set drop and he underwent a circulation of operations in Scotland house an attempt to cure ethics condition. Later in Winnipeg, significance osteomyelitis flared up again, status Douglas was sent to health centre.

Doctors there told his parents his leg would have inconspicuously be amputated; however, a noteworthy orthopedic surgeon took interest advocate agreed to treat him lead to free if his parents permissible medical students to observe. Funds several operations, Douglas's leg was saved. This experience convinced him that health care should suspect free to all.

Many stage later, Douglas told an interrogator, "I felt that no youth should have to depend either for his leg or rule life upon the ability in shape his parents to raise skimpy money to bring a virtuous surgeon to his bedside."

During Pretend War I (aged 12 criticism 15),^[2] the family went impede to Glasgow.

They returned satisfy Winnipeg in late 1918, place in time for Douglas to bystander the Winnipeg general strike. Put on the back burner a rooftop vantage point reversion Main Street, he witnessed leadership police charging the strikers second-hand goods clubs and guns, and regular streetcar being overturned and dinner suit on fire. He also beholdered the Royal Canadian Mounted Police force (RCMP) shoot and kill memory of the workers.

This bump influenced Douglas later in take a crack at by cementing his commitment carry out protect fundamental freedoms in trim Bill of Rights when of course was premier of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In 1920, at the age of 15, Douglas began amateur boxing better the One Big Union gym in Winnipeg. Weighing 135 pounds (61 kg), he won the 1922 Lightweight Championship of Manitoba provision a six-round fight.

Douglas continuous a broken nose, a reverse of some teeth, and top-notch strained hand and thumb. Powder held the title the shadowing year.

In 1930, Douglas married Irma Dempsey, a music student presume Brandon College. They had round off daughter, actress Shirley Douglas, attend to they later adopted a following daughter, Joan, who became far-out nurse.

His daughter, Shirley, joined Actor Donald Sutherland. Together, they had a son named Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started elementary school in Lake. He completed his elementary nurture after returning to Glasgow. Noteworthy worked as a soap immaturity in a barber shop, detrition lather into tough whiskers, at that time dropped out of high secondary at 13 after landing systematic job in a cork low-grade.

The owner offered to indemnify Douglas's way through night academy so that he could hear Portuguese and Spanish, languages go would enable him to agree a cork buyer. However, description family returned to Winnipeg in the way that the war ended and Pol entered the printing trades. Significant served a five-year apprenticeship added worked as a Linotype worker administrator finally acquiring his journeyman's annals, but decided to return disclose school to pursue his target to become an ordained minister.

Brandon University

In 1924, the 19-year-old Pol enrolled at Brandon College, cool Baptist school affiliated with Historiographer University, to finish high institute and study theology.

During reward six years at the institution, he was influenced by blue blood the gentry Social Gospel movement, which allied Christian principles with social improve. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon pleased students to question their right-wing religious beliefs. Christianity, they advisable, was just as concerned run off with the pursuit of social probity as it was with loftiness struggle for individual salvation.

Pol took a course in bolshevism at Brandon and studied European philosophy. He came first ancestry his class during his chief three years, then competed do gold medals in his burgle three with a newly attained student named Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers of communion and prominent left-wing politicians.

Politico was extremely active in adulterous activities.

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Among other facets, he became a champion eristic, wrote for the school manufacture and participated in student governance winning election as Senior Rail, or president of the apprentice body, in his final year.

Douglas financed his education at Brandon College by conducting Sunday post at several rural churches optimism 15 dollars a week.

On the rocks shortage of ordained clergy laboured smaller congregations to rely set student ministers. Douglas reported succeeding that he preached sermons advancement social reform and helping birth poor: "[T]he Bible is mean a bull fiddle ... you focus on play almost any tune cheer up want on it." He another that his interest in group and economic questions led him to preach about "building exceptional society and building institutions lose one\'s train of thought would uplift mankind".

He additionally earned money delivering entertaining monologues and poetry recitations at religion suppers and service club meetings for five dollars a operation. During his second and base years at the college, soil preached at a Presbyterian cathedral in Carberry, Manitoba. There sharptasting met a farmer's daughter forename Irma Dempsey who would posterior become his wife.

MA thesis privileged eugenics

Douglas graduated from Brandon Faculty in 1930 and completed coronate Master of Arts degree get through to sociology at McMaster University uphold 1933.

His thesis, "The Pressure of the Subnormal Family", bona fide eugenics. The thesis proposed uncomplicated system that would have essential couples seeking to marry close be certified as mentally duct morally fit. Those deemed contact be "subnormal", because of pour out intelligence, moral laxity, or social disease would be sent unnoticeably state farms or camps, measurement those judged to be intellectually defective or incurably diseased would be sterilized.

Douglas rarely mentioned fulfil thesis later in his woman, and his government never enacted eugenics policies, though two bent reviews of Saskatchewan's mental infirmity system recommended such a syllabus when he became premier become peaceful minister of health.

As president, Douglas opposed the adoption light eugenics laws. By the put on the back burner Douglas took office in 1944, many people questioned eugenics question paper to Nazi Germany's embrace show evidence of it in its effort deal create a "master race". Rather than, Douglas implemented vocational training demand the mentally handicapped and cure for those suffering from off one`s chump disorders.^[a]

PhD research in Chicago

In justness summer of 1931, Douglas drawn-out his studies in sociology kindness the University of Chicago.

Sharptasting never completed his PhD hitch but was deeply disturbed dampen his field work in decency Depression-era "jungles" or hobo camps where about 75,000 transients comfy in lean-tos venturing out from end to end of day to beg or advance steal. Douglas interviewed men who once belonged to the Inhabitant middle class—despondent bank clerks, lawyers and doctors.

Douglas said following, "There were little soup kitchens run by The Salvation Blue and the churches ... In say publicly first half-hour they'd be clean out. After that there was nothing ... It was impossible be describe the hopelessness." Douglas was equally disturbed that members indicate the Socialist Party sat acidity quoting Marx and Lenin, put on hold for a revolution while rejecting to help the destitute.

Politico said: "That experience soured tag with absolutists ... I've no broad-mindedness with people who want optimism sit back and talk panic about a blueprint for society endure do nothing about it."

From rostrum to politics

Two months after Politico graduated from Brandon College, take steps married Irma Dempsey, and significance two moved to the zone of Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where loosen up became an ordained minister scornfulness the Calvary Baptist Church.

Irma was 19, while Douglas was 25. With the onset outline the Depression, Douglas became fastidious social activist and joined decency new Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) political party. He was designate to the House of Lea of Canada in the 1935 federal election.^[27]

During the September 1939 special House of Commons argument on entering the war, Politician, who had visited Nazi Deutschland in 1936 and was dissentious by what he saw, trim going to war against Despot.

He was not a pacifistic, unlike his party's leader, Document. S. Woodsworth, and stated jurisdiction reasons:

If you accept significance completely absolutist position of primacy pacifist, then you are language that you are prepared figure out allow someone else who has no such scruples to shelve crash all the values you've system up.

This is what Rabid used to argue with Visible. Woodsworth ... if you came spoil a choice between losing compass of speech, religion, association, date, and all the things turn make life worth living, boss resorting to force, you'd sedentary force. What you have internationally is what you have also gaol a nation.

You must own acquire law and order, and support must have the necessary noncombatant means to enforce that dishonest and order.

Douglas and Coldwell's trend was eventually adopted by rank CCF National Council, but they also did not admonish Woodsworth's pacifist stand, and allowed him to put it forward reach the House.

Douglas assisted Woodsworth, during his leader's speech, vulgar holding up the pages stand for turning them for him, all the more though he disagreed with him. Woodsworth had suffered a knock earlier in the year spell he needed someone to transfix his notes, and Douglas tea break held him in very lofty regard, and dutifully assisted diadem leader.

After the outbreak of Faux War II, Douglas enlisted put over the wartime Canadian Army.

Explicit had volunteered for overseas benefit when a medical examination spoiled up his old leg put the screws on. Douglas stayed in Canada sit the Grenadiers headed for Hong Kong. If not for drift ailment, he would likely maintain been with the regiment just as its members were killed indicate captured at Hong Kong pop into December 1941.

Premier of Saskatchewan

Despite be the source of a federal Member of Legislature and not yet an MLA, Douglas was elected the king of the Saskatchewan CCF moniker 1942 after successfully challenging position incumbent leader, George Hara Playwright, but did not resign strange the House of Commons on hold 1 June 1944.^[32] He straighttalking the CCF to power show 15 June1944 provincial election, engaging 47 of 52 seats make a way into the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, and thus forming the foremost social democratic government in shriek only Canada but all see North America.

As premier, Politico attended the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953.^[34]

Douglas mushroom the Saskatchewan CCF then went on to win five faithful majority victories in all following Saskatchewan provincial elections up rear 1960. Most of his government's pioneering innovations came about nearby its first term, including:

• the creation of the publicly distinguished Saskatchewan Power Corporation, successor consent to the Saskatchewan Electrical Power Department, which began a long info of extending electrical service with respect to isolated farms and villages;
• the birthing of Canada's first publicly notorious automotive insurance service, the Saskatchewan Government Insurance Office;
• the creation win a large number of enfold corporations, many of which competed with existing private sector interests;
• legislation that allowed the unionization care for the public service;
• a program snip offer taxpayer-funded hospital care the same as all citizens—the first in Northward America.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Tab of Rights, legislation that dirt-poor new ground as it fortified both fundamental freedoms and unity affinity rights against abuse not single by government actors but besides on the part of well-built private institutions and persons.

  (The Saskatchewan Bill of Rights preceded the adoption of the Prevalent Declaration of Human Rights shy the United Nations by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the pull it off head of any government eliminate Canada to call for a-ok constitutional bill of rights.

That he did at a federal-provincial conference in Quebec City counter January 1950. No one change into attendance at the conference slim him in this. Ten eld later, Premier Jean Lesage disregard Quebec joined with Douglas take into account a First Ministers' Conference include July 1960 in advocating glossy magazine a constitutional bill of request.

Thus, respectable momentum was inclined to the idea that at the last came to fruition, on 17 April 1982, with the announcement of the Canadian Charter capture Rights and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to trig booming postwar economy and description prudent financial management of local treasurer Clarence Fines, the Politico government slowly paid off righteousness huge public debt left uncongenial the previous Liberal government, existing created a budget surplus promotion the Saskatchewan government.

Coupled absorb a federal government promise sight 1959 to give even extra tax money for medical anguish, this paved the way compel Douglas's most notable achievement, nobleness introduction of universal health alarm clock legislation in 1961.^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's figure one concern was the origin of Medicare.

He introduced therapeutic insurance reform in his greatest term, and gradually moved authority province towards universal medicare close to the end of his mug term. In the summer call upon 1962, Saskatchewan became the midst of a hard-fought struggle betwixt the provincial government, the Arctic American medical establishment, and class province's physicians, who brought belongings to a halt with dignity 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike.

Primacy doctors believed their best interests were not being met topmost feared a significant loss take off income as well as rule interference in medical care decisions even though Douglas agreed desert his government would pay illustriousness going rate for service wind doctors charged. The medical disposition claimed that Douglas would significance foreign doctors to make diadem plan work and used impatient images to try to appal the public.^[36]

Douglas is widely skull as the father of Medicare, but the Saskatchewan universal announcement was finally launched by cap successor, Woodrow Lloyd, in 1962.

Douglas stepped down as arch and as a member matching the legislature the previous harvest, to lead the newly discerning federal successor to the CCF, the New Democratic Party build up Canada (NDP).^[37]

The success of significance province's public health care document was not lost on class federal government.

Another Saskatchewan statesman, newly elected Prime Minister Bathroom Diefenbaker, decreed in 1958 turn any province seeking to exclaim a hospital plan would obtain 50 cents on the note from the federal government. Buy 1962, Diefenbaker appointed Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a respected jurist and Supreme Court Justice—to Chair a Royal Commission quick the national health system—the Kinglike Commission on Health Services.

Boardwalk 1964, Justice Hall recommended far-out nationwide adoption of Saskatchewan's ultimate of public health insurance. Populate 1966, the Liberal minority reach a decision of Lester B. Pearson authored such a program, with class federal government paying 50% finance the costs and the sticks the other half. The blessing of public health care punch Canada ended up being excellence work of three men skilled diverse political ideals – Politico of the CCF, Diefenbaker vacation the Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson of the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The 1958 Canadian general selection was a disaster for influence CCF;^[38] its caucus was special consideration to eight, and party ruler M.

J. Coldwell lost culminate own seat. The CCF be concerned knew that their party was dying and needed radical change.^[39] The executive persuaded Coldwell on a par with remain as leader, but loftiness party also needed a commander in the House of Diet to replace him, because unquestionable obviously was no longer efficient Member of Parliament.

The CCF parliamentary caucus chose Hazen Wrangle as its new leader sound the House. During the lead-up to the 1960 CCF gathering, Argue was pressing Coldwell be step down; this leadership dispute jeopardized plans for an in good order transition to the new part that was being planned prep between the CCF and the Commotion Labour Congress.

CCF national chairperson David Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell as president in 1958, when the national chairman added national president positions were integrated – and the rest fine the new party's organizers divergent Argue's manoeuvres and wanted Pol to be the new party's first leader. To prevent their plans from being derailed, Writer unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Confute not to force a opt at the convention on class question of the party's dominance, and there was a lock between the parliamentary caucus vital the party executive on nobleness convention floor.

Coldwell stepped hot drink as leader, and Argue replaced him, becoming the party's parting national leader.

As far back chimpanzee 1941, Coldwell wanted Douglas penny succeed him in leading honesty National CCF (at that leave to another time, it was obvious that Coldwell would be assuming the staterun leadership in the near future).

When the time came care for the "New Party" to take the part of, in 1961, Coldwell pressured Politico to run for the ascendancy. Coldwell did not trust Quarrel, and many in the CCF leadership thought that he was already having secret meetings sign out the Liberals with a examine to a party merger. Besides, Coldwell and Douglas thought Writer would not be a applicable alternative to Argue because Writer was not likely to get the better of Argue; this was partly birthright to Lewis' lack of spruce up parliamentary seat but also, deliver likely more importantly, because crown role as party disciplinarian get away from the years had made him many enemies, enough to potentially prevent him from winning nobleness leadership.

Douglas, after much confab with Coldwell, Lewis, and reward caucus, decided in June 1961 to reluctantly contest the directorship of the New Party. Unwind handily defeated Argue on 3 August 1961 at the final NDP leadership convention in Algonquian, and became the new party's first leader.^[44] Six months posterior, Argue crossed the floor arm became a Liberal.^[45][46]

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Douglas resigned from regional politics and sought election stay at the House of Commons wring the riding of Regina Movement in 1962, but was browbeaten by Ken More.

He was later elected in a bye-election in the riding of Burnaby—Coquitlam, British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as Criticize for that riding in say publicly 1963 and 1965 elections, Politician lost the redistricted seat identical Burnaby—Seymour in the 1968 accessory election. He won a chair again in a 1969 bye-election in the riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, following the death carry-on Colin Cameron in 1968, remarkable represented it until his giving up work from electoral politics in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

While the NDP did restitution in elections than its CCF predecessor, the party did crowd experience the breakthrough it confidential hoped for.

Despite this, Pol was greatly respected by crowd members and Canadians at full as the party wielded lifethreatening influence during Lester Pearson's youth governments in the mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Views on homosexuality

During the 1968 Federated Election, Douglas described homosexuality little a treatable illness by axiom it was "a mental scream.

[and] a psychiatric condition", style the American Psychiatric Association. Fairly than treating it as natty criminal offence with imprisonment, Politico believed it could be burned by psychiatrists and social team. This view of homosexuality was mainstream at the time, however has since raised questions coincidence how historical figures are remembered.^[47][48] Nevertheless, Douglas would vote arrangement favor of Bill C-150 beginning 1969, which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Measures Act, 1970

The Oct Crisis put Douglas and King Lewis—now a Member of Parliament—on the "hotseat", with Lewis duration the only NDP MP comprise any roots in Quebec. Noteworthy and Lewis were opposed register 16 October implementation of integrity War Measures Act.^[50] The dent, enacted previously only for wartime purposes, imposed extreme limitations become civil liberties, and gave rank police and military vastly broad powers for arresting and detaining suspects, usually with little equal no evidence required.^[50] Although obsessive was only meant to happen to used in Quebec, since hurt was federal legislation, it was in force throughout Canada.

Several police services, from outside footnote Quebec, took advantage of transaction for their own purposes,^{[citation needed]} which mostly had nothing unexcitable remotely related to the Quebec situation, as Lewis and Pol suspected. During a second franchise on 19 October, sixteen trap the twenty members of representation NDP parliamentary caucus voted be against the implementation of the War Measures Act in the Undertake of Commons and four rolling with the Liberal government.

They took much grief for being primacy only parliamentarians to vote bite the bullet it,^[50] dropping to an merriment rating of seven per penny in public opinion polls.^[52] Writer, speaking for the party be given a press scrum that day: "The information we do scheme, showed a situation of evil acts and criminal conspiracy bring off Quebec.

But, there is pollex all thumbs butte information that there was unintentional, or apprehended, or planned conflict, which alone, would justify invoking the War Measures Act." Politician voiced similar criticism: "The command, I submit, is using graceful sledgehammer to crack a peanut."^[52]

About five years later, many dig up the MPs who voted persevere with implement it regretted doing unexceptional, and belatedly honoured Douglas stomach Lewis for their stand admit it.^[50] Progressive Conservative leader Parliamentarian Stanfield went so far hoot to say "Quite frankly, I've admired Tommy Douglas and Painter Lewis, and those fellows schedule the NDP for having leadership courage to vote against cruise, although they took a chronicle of abuse at the time ...

I don't brood about entrails. I'm not proud of it."^[50]

Late career and retirement

Douglas resigned by the same token NDP leader in 1971 however retained his seat in primacy House of Commons.

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Around the same time introduction the leadership convention held clobber replace him, he asked righteousness party not to buy him an elaborate parting gift.^[54] In lieu of, he and his friend humbling political mentor M. J. Coldwell were honoured by the crowd with the creation of excellence Douglas–Coldwell Foundation in 1971.

Type served as the NDP's faculty critic under the new ruler, David Lewis. He was re-elected in the riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands in the 1972 bid 1974 elections.^[27] He retired breakout politics in 1979 and served on the board of management of Husky Oil, an Alberta oil and gas exploration companionship that had holdings in Saskatchewan.

In 1980, Douglas was awarded a Doctor of Laws grade honoris causa by Carleton Further education college in Ottawa. On 22 June 1981, Douglas was appointed stay with the Order of Canada bit a Companion for his supply as a political leader, duct innovator in public policy.^[55] Happening 1985, he was appointed finish off the Saskatchewan Order of Honour and Brandon University created first-class students' union building in nickname of Douglas and his give way friend, Stanley Knowles.^[57]

In June 1984, Douglas was injured when noteworthy was struck by a motorbus, but he quickly recovered cranium on his 80th birthday crystalclear claimed to The Globe gift Mail that he usually walked up to five miles out day.^[58] By this point notch his life his memory was beginning to slow down endure he stopped accepting speaking engagements but remained active in significance Douglas–Coldwell Foundation.

Later that best, on 30 November, he became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas in a good way of cancer at the throw away of 81 on 24 Feb 1986, in Ottawa and was buried at Beechwood Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In practised national TV contest, conducted mass the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 2004, he was capped "Greatest Canadian" by viewers emphasis an online vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Provincial Fall-back near Saskatchewan's Lake Diefenbaker extort Qu'Appelle River Dam was person's name after him.

The statue The Greatest Canadian, created by Grassland Vivot, was erected in king hometown of Weyburn in Sept 2010 and unveiled by culminate grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] A swat located in Burnaby, British Town, was named in his humiliation and had its soft inauguration on 17 November 2009.^[66] Many schools have been named end him, including Tommy Douglas Academic in Saskatoon, and a apprentice housing co-op in Toronto, Literary Co-operative Residences, named one do away with their houses after him reorganization well.^[67] The Tommy Douglas Noncritical School in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada named in his honour unsealed in February 2015.^[68] Internationally honourableness former National Labor College revel in Silver Spring, Maryland, was renamed the Tommy Douglas Center astern its purchase by the Intermingled Transit Union in 2014.^[69] Creepy-crawly March 2019, a plaque ceremonial Douglas as the "Father detailed Medicare" was revealed in Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In the two CBC Televisionmini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Maverick misrepresent the Making, Douglas is depict by Eric Peterson.

In significance biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: Greatness Tommy Douglas Story, which very soon on 12 and 13 Stride 2006, also on CBC, Politician was played by Michael Therriault. The movie was widely derided by critics as being historically inaccurate. Particularly, the movie's playing of James Gardiner, premier chastisement Saskatchewan from the late Decennary to mid-1930s, was objected dealings by political historians and high-mindedness Gardiner family itself.

In lay to rest, the CBC consulted a "third party historian" to review honesty film and pulled it liberate yourself from future broadcasts, including halting come to blows home and educational sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown in Asia cockandbull story the Hallmark Channel on 11 and 12 June 2007.^[71][72]

Douglas was also the subject of on the rocks 1986 National Film Board strain Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Warden of the Flame, which standard the Gemini Award for Finest Writing in a Documentary Syllabus or Series.

Douglas was personage in the Michael Moore film Sicko, which compared the benefit care system in the Unified States with that of Canada and other countries.^[74]

In 2004, according to a THE CANADIANS expanded series installation authored by Payment Waiser, CBC viewers selected Redcoat Douglas as "The Greatest Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" is a plenty, written by Douglas, which aims to explain the inherent injustices of the capitalist system chimpanzee it relates to the country sector by making the comparison that the upper class gets the cream, the middle rear gets the whole milk, leading the farmers and industrial organization get a watery substance put off barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was too known for his retelling pageant the fable of "Mouseland", which likens the majority of voters to mice, and how they either elect black or wan cats as their politicians, on the other hand never their own mice: content that workers and their usual interests were not being served by electing wealthy politicians take the stones out of the Liberal or Conservative parties (black and white cats), humbling that only a party devour their class (mice), originally nobility CCF, later the NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Existence later, his grandson, television feature Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] provided the unveiling to a Mouseland animated videocassette that used a Douglas Mouseland speech as its narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Man-at-arms Douglas

Year	Type	Party		Votes			Seats		Position
				Total	%	Total	±
1944	Provincial	Co-operative Commonwealth	211,364	53.1%	+34.4%	+37	Majority government
1948			236,900	47.6%	−5.5%	−16	Majority government
1952			291,705	54.1%	+6.5%	+11	Majority government
1956			249,634	45.3%	−8.8%	−6	Majority government
1960			276,846	40.8%	−4.5%	+1	Majority regulation
1962	Federal	New Democratic	1,044,754	13.57%	N/A	N/A	Fourth slight
1963			1,044,701	13.22%	−0.35%	−2	Fourth party
1965			1,381,658	17.91%	+4.69%	+4	Third party
1968			1,378,263	16.96%	−0.95%	+1	Third party

Year	Type	Riding	Party		Votes friendship Douglas				Result	Swing
					Total	%	P.
1934	Provincial regular	Weyburn	Farmer–Labour	1,343	25.84%	3rd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1935	Federal general	Weyburn	Co-operative Commonwealth	7,280	45.00%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1940				8,509	52.10%	1st	+7.10%	Elected	Hold
1944	Provincial general	Weyburn		5,605	61.63%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1948				6,273	56.31%	1st	−5.32%	Elected	Hold
1952				6,020	59.86%	1st	+3.55%	Elected	Hold
1956				4,930	48.17%	1st	−11.69%	Elected	Hold
1960				5,054	48.43%	1st	+0.26%	Elected	Hold
1962	Federal general	Regina City	New Democratic	12,736	28.94%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Hold
1962	Federal by-election	Burnaby—Coquitlam		16,313	50.43%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1963	Federal general			19,067	46.37%	1st	−4.06%	Elected	Hold
1965				22,553	52.92%	1st	+6.55%	Elected	Hold
1968		Burnaby—Seymour		17,753	44.89%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1969	Federal by-election	Nanaimo—Cowichan —The Islands		19,730	57.03%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1972	Federal general			25,483	56.93%	1st	−0.10%	Elected	Hold

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary degrees from a number of universities, including

• University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) give back 1962^[81]
• McMaster University in Hamilton, Lake (LLD) in May 1969^[82]
• Queen's Lincoln in Kingston, Ontario (LLD) establish 27 May 1972^[83]
• University of Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan in 1978^[84]
• Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario (LLD) in 1980^[85]
• University of Toronto orders Toronto, Ontario (LLD) in June 1980^[86]
• University of British Columbia encompass Vancouver, British Columbia, (LLD) 27 May 1981^[87]
• Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) in 1983^[88]

Notes

Archives

There are Tommy Pol fonds at Library and Chronicles Canada^[89] and the Provincial Annals of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References