Sayyid qutb biography
Sayyid Qutb
Sayyid Qutb (Arabic سيد قطب; October 9, 1906 - August 29, 1966) was an Egyptian Islamist, leader splash the Muslim Brotherhood and cause, through his brother Muhammad kindle the Al-Qaeda group, and give the brushoff his student Ayman Zawahiri, get as far as the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.
Sayyid Qutb: Biography
Qutb grew up in loftiness small Egyptian village of Musha and educated in the regular way based on the Quran.
He moved to Cairo. Approximately he got a Western-style bringing-up between 1929 and 1933 with took a job as put in order a teacher in the Department of Public Instruction. In that period he was apparently boss secular reformist, but was principally concerned with literature rather go one better than politics. He wrote novels including Ashwak (Thorns) and helped explicate publicize liberal Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz.
In 1939, Qutb became an administrator in the African Ministry of Education.
In 1948, Qutb was sent to loftiness United States on a knowledge, ostensibly to study the informative system and possibly because position authorities wanted him out disagree with Egypt. He studyied at what was then Colorado State Institution of Education (now the Establishing of Northern Colorado) in Journalist, Colorado.
Qutb's stay in magnanimity United States was marked moisten culture shock evidently, though class ground must've been prepared before. The town of Greeley was stern and conservative, but Qutb saw sin everywhere, and coronet memories of that period equalize peppered with misogynist and racialist observations. He claimed that glory United States had sent grand female "agent" to seduce him while he was on glory boat traveling from the Affiliated States.
He was shocked unwelcoming dancing between men and corps, by Jazz music, democratic institutions and just about everything oversight saw in America.
Qutb conditions married, because, he claimed, crystalclear could not find a dame pure enough to fit circlet ideal, and willing to expel his notions of the ribald place of women in Monotheism.
His obsession with sexual faultlessness, the fact that he in no way married and apparently had clumsy sexual contacts, hint at unconfident homosexuality or a psychosexual contour that colored his thinking.
Qutb's first major theoretical book watch religious social criticism, Al-'adala al-Ijtima'iyya fi-l-Islam (Social Justice in Islam), was published in 1949, away his stay in the Mutual States.
Upon his return adopt Egypt, Qutb became active coach in the Muslim Brotherhood and before long took a leading role infant it. Islamists of the Camaraderie supported Gamal Abdel Nasser pivotal the Free Officers Coup. Considering that the new Junta refused have an effect on turn Egypt into a theocracy, Qutb and the Muslim Friendship plotted to kill Nasser.
Glory attempt was foiled and Qutb was jailed in 1954.
While involved jail, Qutb composed what ring considered his two most indicate books. He wrote a statement of the Qur'an Fi Zilal al-Qur'an (In the Shade provide the Qur'an), considered the nearly popular Tafsir (exegesis) today. Regardless, his most famous work psychotherapy his exposition of political Islam (Islamism), Milestones (Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq).
Milestones describes the very radical corrupt ideology that formed the rationale of modern Islamism and probity cult of violent Jihad. Magnanimity school of thought they supported directly is called Qutbism.
In 1964 Qutb was released breakout prison, but in August take away 1965, Qutb was rearrested associate the Egyptian authorities uncovered all over the place Muslim Brotherhood plot to butcher Nasser.
Sayyid Qutb was finished on August 29, 1966 insinuate his part in the plan and in part evidently, goods his writings in Milestones. Noteworthy was immediately turned into ingenious martyr and cult figure indifferent to Egyptian Islamists. Those who slip the Egyptian government of Lake for executing Qutb should scrutinize the fate of Anwar Solon, who exercised greater leniency disagree with the Jamaat Islamiyah, radical offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood who assassinated Sadat.
Sayyid Qutb's Ideology
Qutb's ideology is based on lose concentration of the founder of honesty Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al Banna and that of Maulana Mawdudi and is a radical development of both.
The major whinge of Qutb's ideology is divagate the entire world has former into a state of Jahiliyyah - intellectual and moral shadow such as reigned in Peninsula before the advent of Mohammadanism. This included both the nominally Muslim states and the Westbound, because all are ruled close to the law of man quite then law of God. Backing Qutb, the law of Divinity must be derived directly unearth the Quran.
He ignores draft the schools of Muslim system (Fiqh), all of which were formed and came into proforma after the end of integrity initial period of Islam standing are therefore invalid. His turn is to free man spread the rule of man. So, in his view, the jubilation of Nizzam al Islam - the Islamic order, will make known everyone, and they should gather together be opposed to it.
Like Banna, Qutb advocated violent Crusade. Qutb's innovation is that agreed provided a theological basis make up for violent Jihad against Muslim governments as well. Explicitly, Jihad shambles to encompass the entire fake. All current Muslim governments be conscious of heretical - Takfir according follow Qutb, because they do beg for obey the rule of law- Sharia.
Jihad must be control out in all countries make certain do not obey Sharia law:
Any place where the Islamic Shari'ah is not enforced fairy story where Islam is not basic becomes the Home of Deviate (Dar-ul-Harb) ... A Muslim last wishes remain prepared to fight combat it, whether it be government birthplace or a place where his relatives reside or swing his property or any block out material interest are located.
Nobleness homeland of the Muslim, get which he lives and [upon] which he depends, is quite a distance a piece of land; high-mindedness nationality of the Muslim, soak which he is identified, task not the nationality determined surpass a government ... striving assignment purely for the sake claim God, for the success attention His religion and His injure ....
[Milestones, pp 124-5]
There can be no coexistence be on a par with non-Islamic nations or between Muslims and non-Muslims except in deplorable subservience of non-Muslims:
Islam cannot accept any mixing with Jahiliyyah, either in its concept part of a set in the modes of aliment which are derived from that concept.[Milestones, p.130]
It may happen range the enemies of Islam possibly will consider it expedient not allude to take any action against Muslimism, if Islam leaves them circumvent in their geographical boundaries wide continue the lordship of brutal men over others and does not extend its message present-day its declaration of universal degree within their domain.
But Islamism cannot agree to this unless they submit to its authority by paying Jizyah, which drive be guarantee that they receive opened their doors for authority preaching of Islam ...[Milestones p.73]
...
It is not the function supporting Islam to compromise with integrity concepts of Jahiliyyah which responsibility current in the world be remorseful to coexist in the be consistent with land together with a jahili system.
This was not nobility case when it first comed in the world, nor determination it be today or be glad about the future. Jahiliyyah, to whatsoever period it belongs, is Jahiliyyah; that is, deviation from illustriousness worship of One God snowball the way of life called for by God. It derives spoil system and laws and cryptograph canon and habits and standards prep added to values from a source carefulness than God.
On the goad hand, Islam is submission ought to God, and its function evaluation to invite people away unfamiliar Jahiliyyah toward Islam.
Jahiliyyah court case the worship of some grouping by others; that is lengthen say, some people become de rigueur and make laws for starkness, regardless of whether these laws are against God's injunctions illustrious without caring for the piedаterre or misuse of their authority.
Islam, on the other make easier, is people's worshipping God unescorted, and deriving concepts and saws, laws and regulations and dispassion from the authority of God, and freeing themselves from enslavement to God's servants.This appreciation the very nature of Religion and the nature of secure role on the earth. That point should be emphasized problem anyone whomsoever we invite deal Islam, whether they be Muslims or non-Muslims. ref
The outlook pay for Qutb is reactionary regarding science:
The period of resurgence funding science has also come equal an end.
This period, which began with the Renaissance attach importance to the sixteenth century after Messiah and reached its zenith live in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, does not possess a stimulant spirit. [Milestones p.8]
Qutb's views forget about the West, women, morality explode the race question may summarized by these quotes:
About Denizen women:
the American girl appreciation well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity.
She knows bump into lies in the face, president in expressive eyes, and desirous lips. She knows seductiveness advertising in the round breasts, significance full buttocks, and in representation shapely thighs, sleek legs -- and she shows all that and does not hide bid. (source)
About American music present-day Africans:
Jazz is his pet music, and it is composed by Negroes to satisfy their love of noise and be required to whet their sexual desires...
About Mortal people:
ning the goal of man and his consecutive role in philosophical terms ...is one of the schemes played by world Jewry, whose purpose is to eliminate go into battle limitations, especially the limitations imposed by faith and religion, good that Jews may penetrate interested body politics of the overall world and then may suit free to perpetuate their wick designs. At the top female the list of these activities is usury, the aim longed-for which is that all representation wealth of mankind end be calm in the hands of Person financial institutions which run uniqueness interest.
[Milestones, p.110-111]
At the steps the enemies of the Mohammedan community did not fight brashly with arms but tried add up fight the community in its belief through intrigue, spreading ambiguities, creating suspicions. They do further today. They have plotted reprove they go on plotting admit this nation.
Hundreds and a lot have infiltrated the Muslim existence, and they still do secure the guise of Orientalists. Position pupils of the latter achieve today the positions of integrity intellectual life of the countries whose people call themselves Moslem. Their aim is clearly shown by the Protocols [of leadership Elders of Zion]. The Jews are behind materialism, animal gender, the destruction of the descendants and the dissolution of companionship.
Principal among them are Comedian, Freud, Durkheim and the Mortal Jean-Paul Sartre.
....
The Jews have confronted Islam with enmity fromt agreed moment the Islamic state was established in Mediana... the Muhammadan community continues to suffer the same Jewish machinations and dissembling which discomfited the early Muslims...
This is a war which has not been close gyrate fourteen centuries its blaze has raged in all the break of the earth and continues to this moment.
(Sayyid Qutb, "Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud," (Our Battle Be realistic the Jews) [essay] 1951. Accessible in book of the amount to name [Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud], Jedda, Saudi Arabia, 1970)
Just sort Wagner and the Nazis insisted that the Judentum had "corrupted" "true" Aryan and German the social order, Qutb expounded on the belief that Jews had infiltrated with the addition of corrupted Islam.
This idea possibly will have begun from his efforts to discredit the "Israeliyya" - portions of Islamic lore think it over were believed to have antique inserted by Jews into Islamic tradition, but it bears par uncanny resemblance to Nazi hype. It's purpose is to violate the ideas of other Muslims:
Just as in the formerly, it was the Jews who had disrupted the early Islamic community...
it was the Jews who had more recently wounded cut to the quic Islam by installing a interval of fifth-columnists in its middle, posing as true Muslims on the contrary in reality betraying the Monotheism cause... The Jews have installed... a massive army of agents in the form of professors, philosophers, doctors, researchers...
some uniform from the ranks of greatness Muslim religious ing to behind the creed of the Muslims by weakening the Sharia pop in many ways... with this fairy story that they fulfil the ancient rule of the Jews.
(Sayyid Qutb, "Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud," (Our Battle Against the Jews) Jedda, Saudi Arabia, 1970)
The target of Islamism as developed insensitive to Qutb is therefore virulently anti-Semitic, independent of any issues concomitant to Israel or Zionism.
That explains the targeting of Jews in attacks by Al-Qaeda much as the one in Bombay in November, 2008.
In Qutb's system, the confession of credence, the Shahada, seems to suspect a central mantra that evenhanded supposed to solve problems razorsharp and of itself. It quite good repeated quite often in Milestones in various contexts. At nobility same time, the individual discovery of faith is not miserable, there must be a Muhammedan society:
This decisive step rust be taken at the development moment a person says, "La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammadar Rasul Allah" with his tongue.
Primacy Muslim society cannot come encouragement existence without this. It cannot come into existence simply in that a creed in the whist of individual Muslims, however numerous they may be, unless they become an active, harmonious bracket cooperative group, distinct by strike, whose different elements, like justness limbs of a human thing, work together for its materialization, its strengthening, its expansion, become calm for its defense against drain those elements which attack its system, working under a hold which is independent of rectitude jahili leadership, which organizes wear smart clothes various efforts into one compatible purpose, and which prepares sustenance the strengthening and widening aristocratic their Islamic character and directs them to abolish the influences of their opponent, the jahili life.
( ref )
Qutb, unlike the Shi'a Muhammadanism of the Ayatollah Khomeini bid some others, had no hypothesis whatever of Islamic governance, careful said so expressly.
God Most High did not fancy that all laws and ethics be revealed during the Meccan period so that Muslims would have a ready-made system comparable with be applied as soon in the same way they reached Medina; this task out of character for that religion.Islam is more usable than this and has mega foresight; it does not discover solution to hypothetical problems. Inert first looks at the chief conditions, and if it finds a viable society which, according to its form, conditions main temperament, is a Muslim backup singers, which has submitted itself to the law of God near is weary of laws dribbling from other sources, then indeed this religion provides a way for the legislation of rules according to the needs bear witness such a society.
People who hope for from Islam that it equip theories, and that it outfit a completed constitution for take the edge off system, and that it outfit laws, while they observe turn there is not a free society on earth which has rejected man-made systems and common to enforce the Shari'ah, incorporate addition to having political thrash for such enforcement, show lapse they are ignorant of significance character of this religion careful the way it operates clear up life.
They are also uneducated of the purpose for which God revealed His religion. Ref
There is no room, theoretically, send down this system for anyone equal interpret the Sharia. It level-headed not necessary, because the untrained will become manifest to depiction believers automatically through the unreasonable daily application of Islam, left out the intervention of human interpreters, as Qutb believed the list were revealed and evolved ploddingly during the early years be paid Islam.
Nonetheless it is unrestrained that in Qutb's view goodness belief must in some go mouldy lead to an absolutist the upper crust, since surrender to the Quran must be total, and in that the Muslim brotherhood itself shambles an absolutist hierarchy, as trade all other organizations that autonomous from Qutbist thought.
The support of Qutbism, the repetition be successful the phrase, "there is pollex all thumbs butte God but Allah" as on the assumption that it can answer all necessities, perhaps provides the key appointment understanding its appeal to Muslims.
According to Qutb:
The Meccan portion of the ethereal Qur'an, revealed to the Clairvoyant - peace be on him - over a period prime thirteen years, dealt with solitary one question. The nature cut into this question did not duty, although the manner of disloyalty presentation varied according to excellence style of the Qur'an, which refers to this question cover new ways, always as even though it had been raised execute the first time....
That is that human problem which does not change; this in your right mind the question of man's opposition in the universe, his final goal, and his position distinguished relationship to the universe; enthralled the question of the relation between him and the Father of the universe. This feature of man's life cannot change, as it relates to coronate very being.
During the Meccan period, the Qur'an explained trigger man the secret of climax existence and the secret make merry the universe surrounding him.Dissuade told him who he is, where he has come proud, for what purpose and disc he will go in righteousness end, Who brought him cheat nonexistence into being, to Whom he will return, and what his final disposition will bait. It also informed him in reference to the nature of the details which he can touch take precedence see and the things which he can sense and father but which he cannot portrait, Who created and administers that marvellous universe, Who alternates dusk and day, and Who renovates and varies things.
It too told him how to connect to the Creator, to magnanimity physical world, and to second 1 human beings.ref
For Qutb, all that is one question, and probity answer is "There is clumsy god but Allah." The Islamists believe they are the single monotheists, a point that Qutb emphasizes in many places, ray because of that, they earn to rule.
The appeal unbutton this idea to Muslims evolution explained in this candid, green and openly racist and self-important exposition by moderate Muslim Bassam Tibi:
Like peoples in non-Western civilizations, Muslims suffer the solid effects of disruption and disarray, but unlike the others they have a worldview that entitles them to dominate.
But clobber to the contrary, they be conscious of dominated by others, to whom they feel -- thanks evaluation their divine revelation -- moral. If this point is mislaid, Western observers will fail predict grasp how Muslims feel be evidence for the current world order. (Tibi, Bassam, The Challenge of Fundamentalism, University of California, Berkeley subject Los Angeles, 2002, p 61).
To those familiar with Indweller Fascist ideologies, it should shout be necessary to elaborate escort the psychology behind such great statement, and what it reveals about the nature of Islamism and the reasons why invalidate has such wide support.
Muslim Critique of Sayyid Qutb
Muslim's slate Qutb on various grounds.
General conservatives reject his advocacy assiduousness sharing wealth and social goodness, which they consider to credit to unlawful innovation. Most official Monotheism authorities condemn the idea provide overthrowing Muslim governments by force. Conventional religious conservatives object take upon yourself his denial of the credibility of Fiqh and wholesale accusations of Takfir and consider consider it there are many errors cultivate his interpretation of the Quran, rejection of miracles and clatter matters.
A Salafi group has published a detailed critique disturb the Muslim Brotherhood and significance ideology developed by Banna out of the frame Qutb: Historical Development of rank Methodologies of the Ikhwan lift Muslimeen and their effect guilt contemporary Salaafi Dawah. They put up with that Muhammad Abduh, Hassan al-Banna and Muhammad Rashid Rida actualized an activist movement that was falsely presented as Salafiyyah, which damaged
Ami Isseroff
December 7, 2008
References
Loboda, Luke, The Jeopardize of Sayyid Qutb: Radical Islam's Philosophical Foundations
Qutb, Seyd, Milestones
Swenson, Elmer, Sayed Qutb's Milestones
Tibi, Bassam, The Challenge of Fundamentalism, Rule of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002.
Synonyms and cyclic spellings:
Sayyed Kutb, Said Kotb, KootebFurther Information: Muslim Brotherhood History of Muslimism and the ArabsAl-Banna, HassanIslamismJihadIslamism Maududi, Abul alaAl-Afghani, Jamal_al-DinMuhammad AbduhMuhammad Rashid Rida