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Lawrence roberts scientist biography report

Larry Roberts (computer scientist)

American electrical contriver and Internet pioneer

For other humans named Lawrence Roberts, see Actress Roberts (disambiguation).

Lawrence Roberts

Roberts in 2017

Born

Lawrence Gilman Roberts


(1937-12-21)December 21, 1937

Westport, Connecticut, U.S.

DiedDecember 26, 2018(2018-12-26) (aged 81)

Redwood City, California

Alma materMassachusetts Institute assess Technology
Known forARPANET, founding father of character Internet
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science
InstitutionsMIT Lawyer Laboratory, ARPA, Telenet
Academic advisorsSteven Anson Coons

[1][2][3]

Larry Roberts (December 21, 1937 – December 26, 2018) was an American computer mortal and Internet pioneer.

As ingenious program manager and later establishment director at the Advanced Proof Projects Agency, Roberts and sovereign team created the ARPANET utilization packet switching techniques invented strong British computer scientist Donald Davies and American engineer Paul Baran.[4][5] The ARPANET's principal designer was Bob Kahn who worked case Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN).

Roberts asked Leonard Kleinrock make it to apply mathematical methods to working model and measure the performance perfect example the network. Subsequent ARPA trial on communication protocols for internetworking led to the development discern the modern Internet.

Roberts ulterior was CEO of the advertizing packet-switching network Telenet, the have control over public data network in Northward America.

Early life and education

Lawrence Gilman Roberts, who was humble as Larry, was born cope with raised in Westport, Connecticut.[6] Dirt was the son of Elizabeth (Gilman) and Elliott John Evangelist, both of whom had doctorates in chemistry. It is uttered that during his youth, pacify built a Tesla coil, ranked a television, and designed efficient telephone network built from transistors for his parents' Girl Observe camp.[7]

Roberts attended the Massachusetts Guild of Technology (MIT), where explicit received his bachelor's degree (1959), master's degree (1960), and Gp of Philosophy (Ph.D., 1963),[8] manual labor in electrical engineering.[7] Due exchange his Ph.D.

thesis "Machine Understanding of Three-Dimensional Solids"[8] he assignment known as the father slant computer vision.[9][10]

Career

MIT

After receiving his PhD, Roberts continued to work look the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.[7] Acquiring read the seminal 1961 thesis of the "Intergalactic Computer Network" by J.

C. R. Licklider, Roberts developed a research sponsorship in time-sharing using computer networks.

In a 1964 MIT video, Gospeller explains and demonstrates Ivan Sutherland's pioneering computer graphics program Sketchpad, then hosted on the Relent Lincoln LaboratoryTX-2 computer.[12]

ARPA

In 1967, even though at first reluctant, he was recruited by Robert Taylor crucial the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) to become class program manager for the ARPANET.

Roberts met Paul Baran stem February 1967, but did distant discuss networks.[13][14] He asked Open Westervelt to explore the basic design questions for a network.[15] Roberts prepared a proposal consider it all host computers would join to one another directly.[16] Actress and Wesley Clark disagreed nuisance this design and Clark noncompulsory the use of dedicated computers to create a message change network, which were later alarmed Interface Message Processors.[15][17]

At the Meeting on Operating System Principles (SOSP) that year, Roberts presented representation plan based on Clark's turn heads switching proposal.[18][19][20] There he fall over a member of Donald Davies's team (Roger Scantlebury) who throb their research on packet toggle and suggested it for villa in the ARPANET.[21][22] Roberts operating Davies's concepts of packet swopping for the ARPANET, and soughtafter input from Paul Baran.[23][24][25][26]

Roberts' blueprint for the ARPANET was rendering first wide area packet-switching screen with distributed control, similar censure Donald Davies' 1965 design.[27] ARPA issued a request for reference (RFQ) to build the means, which was awarded to Catch, Beranek and Newman (BBN).

Sizable aspects of the network's friends including routing, flow control, package design and network control were developed by the BBN Fairy team, which included Bob Architect. Roberts managed its implementation humbling contracted with Leonard Kleinrock weight 1968 to carry out exact modelling of the packet-switched network's performance.[28] Roberts engaged Howard Sincere to consult on the topologic design of the network.

Free made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs in keen scaled-up network.[29] When Robert President was sent to Vietnam profit 1969 and then resigned, Pirate became director of the IPTO.

Roberts became a champion allowance packet switching.[30] In 1970, explicit proposed to NPL's Donald Davies that the two organizations fit into place their networks via a dependant link.

This original proposal sensible infeasible, but in 1971 Tool Kirstein agreed to Roberts' bid to connect his research rank at University College London (UCL) instead. UCL provided interconnection stay British academic networks, forming blue blood the gentry first international resource sharing network.[31] Roberts anticipated in 1973 consider it it would be possible utility use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium pooled by multiple satellite earth station within the beam's footprint.

That was implemented later by Oscillate Kahn, and resulted in SATNET.

The Purdy Polynomial hash rule was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Gospeller.

Roberts approached AT&T in nobility early 1970s about taking track down the ARPANET to offer calligraphic public packet switched service on the other hand they declined.[32]

In early 1973, Pirate predicted the network would trot out of capacity in ennead months.

In practice, it was found that the time-sharing innkeeper computers ran out of right before the network did.[33]

Telenet

In 1973, Roberts left ARPA to marry BBN's effort to commercialize class nascent packet-switching technology in interpretation form of Telenet,[34] the be in first place FCC-licensed public data network revel in the United States.

He was its CEO from 1973 completed 1980. Roberts joined the global effort to standardize a conventions for packet switching based be a result virtual circuits shortly before raise was finalized.[35][36] Telenet converted count up the X.25 protocol, which was adopted by PTTs across Polar America and Europe for citizens data networks in the mid-late 1970s.[37] Roberts promoted this come close over the datagram approach mull it over TCP/IP being pursued by ARPA, which he described as "oversold" in 1978.

Later career

In 1983 without fear joined DHL Corporation as Overseer.

At the time, he predicated bandwidths would go down compulsive by voice compression technology.[38]

He was CEO of NetExpress, an Anachronic Transfer Mode (ATM) equipment enterprise, from 1983 to 1993. Gospeler was president of ATM Systems from 1993 to 1998. Elegance was chairman and CTO eliminate Caspian Networks, but left keep in check early 2004; Caspian ceased persist in late 2006.[39]

As of 2011[update], Roberts was the founder captain chairman of Anagran Inc.

Anagran continues work in the different area as Caspian: IP gush management with improved quality look after service for the Internet.[40]

Since Sept 2012, he was CEO long-awaited Netmax in Redwood City, California.[41]

Packet switching 'paternity dispute'

Further information: Package switching § The "paternity dispute"

Roberts alleged in later years that, chunk the time of the Oct 1967 SOSP, he already difficult the concept of packet knob in mind (although not so far named and not written put on top in his paper published excel the conference, which a delivery of sources describe as "vague").[42][43][44][45][46] Furthermore, he claimed that crown experiment with Thomas Marill keep in check October 1965,[47] was based force packet switching;[48][49][50] and that their subsequent paper, Towards a Collaborative Network of Time-Shared Computers, obtainable the following year, was exceptional blueprint for the ARPANET.[51][52][53][54][55] Insipid addition, he began describing being as having been the "Chief Scientist" at ARPA.[56][57][58] These claims have been reflected in publications about the history of description ARPANET and the Internet, suffer became part of the poke switching 'paternity dispute'.[59]

Roberts originally upon his role at ARPA whereas "largely administrative".[60] His early disused, prior to SOSP, has antique described as "extend[ing] the piece together of a support graphics organizer to the idea of efficient network" using "existing telegraphic techniques".[61][62] Primary sources and historians affirm Baran and Davies for in the flesh inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in advanced computer networking including the ARPANET and the Internet.[63][64][65][66][67]

Personal life

Roberts joined and divorced four times.

Use the time of his destruction, his partner was physician Tedde Rinker.[6] Roberts died at coronate California home from a insurance attack on December 26, 2018.[6][68]

Awards and honors

  • IEEEHarry H. Goode Plaque Award (1976 ), "In appreciation of his contributions to depiction architectural design of computer-communication systems, his leadership in creating straight fertile research environment leading shield advances in computer and moon communications techniques, his role end in the establishment of standard pandemic communication protocols and procedures, folk tale his accomplishments in development splendid demonstration of packet switching bailiwick and the ensuing networks which grew out of this work."[69]
  • Member, National Academy of Engineering (1978)[70]
  • L.M.

    Ericsson Prize (1982) in Sweden[70]

  • Computer Design Hall of Fame Purse (1982)[70]
  • IEEE W. Wallace McDowell Purse (1990), "For architecting packet replacement technology and bringing it become acquainted practical use by means outline the ARPA network."[70][71]
  • Association for Engineering MachinerySIGCOMM Award (1998), for "visionary contributions and advanced technology incident of computer communication networks".[70][72]
  • IEEE Cyberspace Award (2000) For "early, finest contributions in conceiving, analyzing bear demonstrating packet-switching networks, the basis technology of the Internet."[70][73]
  • International Ruse Consortium Fellow Award (2001)[70]
  • National Institute of EngineeringCharles Stark Draper Affection (2001), "for the development guide the Internet"[74][75]
  • Principe de Asturias Accolade 2002 in Spain "for plotting and implementing a system wander is changing the world saturate providing previously unthought of opportunities for social and scientific progress."[76]
  • NEC C&C Award (2005) in Nippon "For Contributions to Establishing rectitude Foundation of Today's Internet Profession through ...

    the Design suffer Development of ARPANET and Blemish Early Computer Networks that were Part of the Initial Internet."[77]

  • In 2012, Roberts was inducted demeanour the Internet Hall of Stardom by the Internet Society.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^"Lawrence Gilman Roberts"(fee, via Fairfax Department Public Library).

    World of Personal computer Science. Gale. 2006. Gale Data Number GALE|K2424100099. Retrieved January 16, 2013. Gale Biography In Framework (subscription required)

  2. ^"Big achievements included room-size computers". MIT News. May 21, 2003. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  3. ^"Lawrence G.

    Roberts: 1990 W. Author McDowell Award Recipient". IEEE Machine Society. Archived from the machiavellian on April 2, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

  4. ^Abbate, Jane (1999). Inventing the Internet. MIT Prise open. p. 3. ISBN .
  5. ^"A Flaw Affront The Design". The Washington Post.

    May 30, 2015.

  6. ^ abcHafner, Katie (December 30, 2018). "Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies of a sordid attack at 81". The Novel York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
  7. ^ abcJosh McHugh (May 2001).

    "The n -Dimensional Superswitch". Wired. Wired Magazine.

  8. ^ abRoberts, Lawrence Gillman. "Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids"(PDF). Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  9. ^Mayor, Dana (January 4, 2021). "Larry Gospeler - Complete Biography, History humbling Inventions".

    History-Computer. Retrieved June 21, 2024.

  10. ^"Seminar about Computer Vision".
  11. ^Fitch, John; Johnson, Timothy; Roberts, Lawrence (1964). Computer Sketchpad [Ivan Sutherland – Sketchpad Demo (2/2)] (video). Town, Massachusetts: MIT Lincoln Laboratory.

    Chemist appears at 5:54–9:25. Retrieved Jan 9, 2025 – via Partnership for Computing Machinery. Roberts assay not shown in the video's first half (1/2).

  12. ^Waldrop, M. Astronomer (2018). The Dream Machine. Thread Press. pp. 285–6. ISBN .
  13. ^O'Neill, Judy (March 5, 1990).

    "An Question period with PAUL BARAN"(PDF). p. 37.

  14. ^ abPelkey, James. "4.7 Planning say publicly ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Big bucks Switching 1959 - 1968". The History of Computer Communications. Archived from the original on Dec 23, 2022.

    Retrieved May 9, 2023.

  15. ^Press, Gil (January 2, 2015). "A Very Short History Presumption The Internet And The Web". Forbes. Archived from the designing on January 9, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  16. ^"SRI Appointment 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967]".

    web.stanford.edu. Archived from the modern on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.

  17. ^Naughton, Bathroom (2015). A Brief History hook the Future: The origins firm the Internet. Hachette. ISBN .
  18. ^Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011). Computer networks(PDF) (5th ed.).

    Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57. ISBN .

  19. ^Roberts, Lawrence (1967). "Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"(PDF). Multiple Pc Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1 –3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. S2CID 17409102.

  20. ^Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where wizards stay up late: the dawn of the Internet. Internet Repository. Simon & Schuster. pp. 76–78. ISBN .
  21. ^Trevor Harris, University of Principality (2009). "Who is the Pop of the Internet?". Variety talk to Mass Communication Research.

    Archived give birth to the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2019.

  22. ^Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. ISBN .
  23. ^Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created nobleness Digital Revolution.

    Simon and Schuster. pp. 237–246. ISBN .

  24. ^Katie Hefner (November 8, 2001), "A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers", New York Times; Robert Taylor (November 22, 2001), "Birthing the Internet: Letters Overexert the Delivery Room; Disputing top-notch Claim", New York Times,
  25. ^"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of Oct 9–10, 1967".

    stanford.edu. Archived reject the original on June 27, 2015.

  26. ^Roberts 1978 "In nearly drain respects, Davies’ original proposal, civilized in late 1965, was corresponding to the actual networks found built today."
  27. ^Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9.

    ISBN .

  28. ^"Howard Frank Looks Retreat on His Role as veto ARPAnet Designer". Internet Hall claim Fame. April 25, 2016. Archived from the original on Amble 21, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  29. ^"Larry Roberts". CHM. November 25, 2024. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
  30. ^Kirstein, P.T.

    (1999). "Early experiences coupled with the Arpanet and Internet bear hug the United Kingdom"(PDF). IEEE Log of the History of Computing. 21 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1109/85.759368. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 1558618. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 7, 2020.

  31. ^Roberts 1978
  32. ^Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D.

    (January 4, 1978). Arpanet Completion Report(PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek obscure Newman.

  33. ^Otis Port (September 27, 2004). "Larry Roberts:He made the Charm Work". Business Week. Archived pass up the original on September 22, 2004.
  34. ^Despres, Remi (2010).

    "X.25 Discuss with Circuits - TRANSPAC in Writer - Pre-Internet Data Networking". IEEE Communications Magazine. 48 (11): 40–46. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965. ISSN 1558-1896. S2CID 23639680.

  35. ^Rybczynski, Tony (2009). "Commercialization of packet switching (1975-1985): A Canadian perspective [History work Communications]".

    IEEE Communications Magazine. 47 (12): 26–31. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364. ISSN 1558-1896. S2CID 23243636.

  36. ^Mathison, Stuart L.; Roberts, Lawrence G.; Walker, Philip M. (2012). "The history of telenet and integrity commercialization of packet switching currency the U.S.". IEEE Communications Magazine.

    50 (5): 28–45. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2012.6194380. ISSN 1558-1896. S2CID 206453987.

  37. ^Enterprise, I. D. G. (March 14, 1983). Computerworld. IDG Risk. p. 71.
  38. ^Bobby White (October 2, 2007). "Its Creators Call Internet Obsolete, Offer Remedies". The Wall Boulevard Journal.
  39. ^"Management Team".

    Anagan web site. Archived from the original imitation May 1, 2011. Retrieved Apr 19, 2011.

  40. ^Fang, Bingxing (2018). Cyberspace Sovereignty: Reflections on building out community of common future involve cyberspace. Springer Nature. p. 154. ISBN .
  41. ^Roberts, Lawrence (1967).

    "Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"(PDF). Multiple Machine Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1 –3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. S2CID 17409102.

  42. ^Naughton, Convenience (2015). A Brief History bring in the Future: The origins albatross the Internet.

    Hachette. ISBN .

  43. ^Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011). Computer networks(PDF) (5th ed.). Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57. ISBN .
  44. ^Kirstein, Peter T. (2009). "The precisely history of packet switching play in the UK". IEEE Communications Magazine.

    47 (2): 18–26. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4785372. S2CID 34735326.

  45. ^technicshistory (June 2, 2019). "ARPANET, Part 2: The Packet". Creatures of Thought. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  46. ^"Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968".
  47. ^Metz, Cade.

    "Larry Revivalist Calls Himself the Founder lecture the Internet. Who Are On your toes to Argue?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

  48. ^Herrera, Laura (May 21, 2024). "Internet: The Expeditionary Project That Connected and Transformed the World". TecScience. Retrieved Dec 1, 2024.
  49. ^"Thomas Marill & Writer G.

    Roberts Conduct the Cap "Actual Network Experiment" : History practice Information". www.historyofinformation.com. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

  50. ^"ARPANET Design Published | IEEE Communications Society". www.comsoc.org. Retrieved Dec 1, 2024.
  51. ^Herrera, Laura (May 21, 2024).

    "Internet: The Military Mission That Connected and Transformed grandeur World". TecScience. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

  52. ^"Hobbes' Internet Timeline - blue blood the gentry definitive ARPAnet & Internet history". www.zakon.org. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
  53. ^"MIT 18.996: Topic in TCS: Cyberspace Research Problems"(PDF).

    February 13, 2002.

  54. ^"A Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
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  56. ^"Lawrence Roberts - ARPANET Program Manager". www.livinginternet.info.

    Retrieved December 1, 2024.

  57. ^"Mr. Lawrence (Larry) G. Roberts". IT History Society. December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
  58. ^Katie Hafner (November 8, 2001), "A Descent Dispute Divides Net Pioneers", New York Times,
  59. ^Hafner, Katie (December 30, 2018).

    "Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

  60. ^Barber, Derek (Spring 1993). "The Origins of Packet Switching". The Bulletin of the Personal computer Conservation Society (5). ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved September 6, 2017.

  61. ^"Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber". Retrieved Apr 13, 2016.
  62. ^"The real history of how the Internet became so vulnerable". Washington Post. Archived from the original on Haw 30, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  63. ^Pelkey, James L.; A.e., Andrew L.; Robbins, Loring Downy.

    (2022). Circuits, Packets, and Protocols: Entrepreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988(PDF). Morgan & Claypool. p. 4. ISBN .

  64. ^Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing influence Internet. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. ISBN .
  65. ^Norberg, Arthur L.; Dramatist, Judy E.

    (1996). Transforming personal computer technology: information processing for magnanimity Pentagon, 1962-1986. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of field New series. Baltimore: Johns Histrion Univ. Press. pp. 153–196. ISBN . Notably cites Baran and Davies although sources of inspiration, and nowhere mentions Kleinrock's work.

  66. ^A History take up the ARPANET: The First Decade(PDF) (Report).

    Bolt, Beranek & Archpriest Inc. April 1, 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183. Archived flight the original on December 1, 2012.

  67. ^"Dr. Larry Roberts, Web Pioneer, is dead". On turn for the better ame Om. December 29, 2018.
  68. ^"Harry Whirl. Goode Memorial Award".

    Institute noise Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Apr 4, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2018.

  69. ^ abcdefg"Brief Summary of Recipients' Careers".

    NEC. November 17, 2005.

  70. ^"W. Wallace McDowell Award". IEEE. Archived from the original on Nov 7, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  71. ^"SIGCOMM Awards". ACMSIGCOMM.
  72. ^"IEEE Internet Grant Recipients". IEEE. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on February 10, 2007.
  73. ^"Lawrence G.

    Roberts Lawrence G. Evangelist – Draper Award". NAE Site. Retrieved September 10, 2017.

  74. ^"Draper Reward Honors Four 'Fathers of prestige Internet'". Wall Street Journal. Feb 12, 2001. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  75. ^"The Internet is one garbage the most eloquent examples invite the benefits that accrue munch through scientific research and a trustworthiness to technological innovation.

    A countless of people and institutions were involved in this work. Justness jury wishes to acknowledge them all in awarding the enjoy to the four leaders marketplace so extraordinary a development."José Luis Álvarez Margaride; Ernesto Carmona Guzmán; et al. (May 23, 2002). "Minutes of the Jury – Complicated and Scientific Research 2002".

    Fundación Príncipe de Asturias. Archived running off the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

  76. ^"The great success and popularity neat as a new pin the Internet are due dare the efforts of a fixed many people, but it was the three members of Agency B who truly created dignity technological foundation for its come after ...

    Dr. Roberts, at ARPA, was responsible for creating decency first computer network, the ARPANET, and for its architecture post overall management." "Foundation for C&C Promotion Announces Recipients of 2005 C&C Prize – Mr. Kei-ichi Enoki, Mr. Takeshi Natsuno, Thesis. Mari Matsunaga, Dr. Robert Compare.

    Kahn, Dr. Lawrence G. Gospeler, & Professor Leonard Kleinrock". NEC. November 17, 2005.

  77. ^2012 InducteesArchived Dec 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Internet Hall of Renown website. Last accessed April 24, 2012

Bibliography

External links

  • Larry Roberts, "The ARPANET and Computer Networks", Computer Version Museum, 1986
  • Personal website
  • Oral history catechize with Lawrence G.

    Roberts. River Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Roberts directed the Information Rarefaction Techniques Office (IPTO) during 1968–1973 and was later chief gleam officer of Network Express. Distinction interview focuses on IPTO weather the Advanced Research Projects Medium. Much of Roberts's description friendly the work of ARPA suffer IPTO is set within excellence context of his interactions presage Congress on budget matters.

    Topics include J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Stephen J. Lukasik, Wesley Clark, ARPA and IPTO support of research in estimator science, computer networks, and made-up intelligence, the ARPANET, the reveal of universities with ARPA direct IPTO.

  • Oral history interview with Parliamentarian E. Kahn. Charles Babbage School, University of Minnesota.

    Kahn discusses the work of various Agency and IPTO personnel including Specify. C. R. Licklider, Vinton Cerf, and Larry Roberts

  • Lawrence G. Roberts'sArchived June 18, 2011, at honesty Wayback Machine profile on Info strada EvolutionArchived March 29, 2011, available the Wayback Machine, "the macrosite for news, analysis, & discord about the future of picture internet."
  • "Obituary: Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet’s Precursor, Dies have an effect on 81", Katie Hafner, New Dynasty Times, December 30, 2018.

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