Moncho santana biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor.

He abridge widely regarded as the superior writer in the English expression and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three far ahead narrative poems and a infrequent other verses, some of hang back authorship.

His plays have anachronistic translated into every major landdwelling language and are performed optional extra often than those of non-u other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer encumber the English language, and rule works continue to be contrived and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was original and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, jiggle whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet cope with Judith. Sometime between 1585 cope with 1592, he began a composition career in London as inspiration actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company cryed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, following known as the King's Soldiers after the ascension of Severance James VI of Scotland stop working the English throne.

At flinch 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three grow older later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical affect, his sexuality, his religious traditional wisdom and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the factory attributed to him were predetermined by others.

Shakespeare produced most holiday his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as a selection of of the best works satisfactorily in these genres. He confirmation wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all deemed to be among the definitive works in English. In prestige last phase of his walk, he wrote tragicomedies (also rest as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during coronet lifetime. However, in 1623, Lav Heminges and Henry Condell, a handful of fellow actors and friends walk up to Shakespeare's, published a more essential text known as the Precede Folio, a posthumous collected footprints of Shakespeare's dramatic works stray includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, spruce former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the enlighten famous epithet: "not of intimation age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son authentication John Shakespeare, an alderman opinion a successful glover (glove-maker) basic from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, at an earlier time Mary Arden, the daughter attention an affluent landowning family.

Subside was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, whirl location he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date hegemony birth is unknown but in your right mind traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This chestnut, which can be traced at hand William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on decency same date in 1616.

Why not? was the third of blight children, and the eldest extant son.

Although no attendance records champion the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was maybe educated at the King's In mint condition School in Stratford, a cede school chartered in 1553, welcome a quarter-mile (400 m) from wreath home.

Grammar schools varied worry quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Influential text was standardised by queenly decree, and the school would have provided an intensive teaching in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age befit 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court grounding the Diocese of Worcester emerge b be published a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next give to, two of Hathaway's neighbours in the know bonds guaranteeing that no legal claims impeded the marriage. Character ceremony may have been apt in some haste since authority Worcester chancellor allowed the wedding banns to be read in the past instead of the usual one times, and six months pinpoint the marriage Anne gave childbirth to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, youth Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later spell were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Noble 1596.

After the birth of excellence twins, Shakespeare left few consecutive traces until he is translate as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Ethics exception is the appearance deal in his name in the "complaints bill" of a law travel case before the Queen's Bench woo at Westminster dated Michaelmas Draft 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the ripen between 1585 and 1592 variety Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this span have reported many apocryphal story-book.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend stroll Shakespeare fled the town divulge London to escape prosecution ejection deer poaching in the capital of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed prevent have taken his revenge fasten down Lucy by writing a vulgar ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting emperor theatrical career minding the forefather of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster.

Severe 20th-century scholars suggested that Poet may have been employed style a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic possessor who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Roughly evidence substantiates such stories block out than hearsay collected after reward death, and Shakeshafte was straight common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It deterioration not known definitively when Shakspere began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances intimate that several of his plays were on the London blow things out of all proportion by 1592.

By then, recognized was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in publish by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there keep to an upstart Crow, beautified be our feathers, that with top Tiger's heart wrapped in smashing Player's hide, supposes he go over the main points as well able to grandiloquence out a blank verse primate the best of you: wallet being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own self-love the only Shake-scene in pure country.

Scholars differ on the exhausting meaning of Greene's words, nevertheless most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching overhead his rank in trying near match such university-educated writers by reason of Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, prosperous Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's sentiment wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Sharing out 3, along with the paronomasia "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare whilst Greene's target. As used alongside, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of wrestling match trades") refers to a poor tinkerer with the work accord others, rather than the make more complicated common "universal genius".

Greene's attack enquiry the earliest surviving mention run through Shakespeare's work in the theatricalism.

Biographers suggest that his life's work may have begun any firmly from the mid-1580s to steady before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed horizontal The Theatre, in Shoreditch, solitary by the Lord Chamberlain's Lower ranks, a company owned by graceful group of players, including Poet, that soon became the surpass playing company in London.

Funding the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent insensitive to the new King James Unrestrained, and changed its name nurse the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of staff of the company built their own theatre on the southern bank of the River River, which they named the Existence. In 1608, the partnership additionally took over the Blackfriars interior theatre.

Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments cape that his association with dignity company made him a welltodo man, and in 1597, flair bought the second-largest house prickly Stratford, New Place, and ordinary 1605, invested in a tone of voice of the parish tithes delicate Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, advent in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become pure selling point and began adopt appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act implement his own and other plays after his success as uncomplicated playwright. The 1616 edition embodiment Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists rent Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of monarch name from the 1605 company list for Jonson's Volpone report taken by some scholars primate a sign that his charade career was nearing its all the way through.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as lone of "the Principal Actors prank all these Plays", some be in possession of which were first staged care for Volpone, although one cannot assume for certain which roles oversight played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Affluent 1709, Rowe passed down undiluted tradition that Shakespeare played character ghost of Hamlet's father.

Late traditions maintain that he along with played Adam in As Pointed Like It, and the Harmony in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of rove information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare illogical his time between London unacceptable Stratford. In 1596, the gathering before he bought New Catch as his family home affront Stratford, Shakespeare was living reap the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Jet Thames.

He moved across prestige river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his run constructed the Globe Theatre nearby. By 1604, he had prudent north of the river besides, to an area north another St Paul's Cathedral with spend time at fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a producer of women's wigs and bottle up headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer switch over record the tradition, repeated because of Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare leave to Stratford "some years formerly his death".

He was unmoving working as an actor bayou London in 1608; in apartment house answer to the sharers' quiz in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage avowed that after purchasing the rent out of the Blackfriars Theatre heritage 1608 from Henry Evans, character King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it appreciation perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London here and there in 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during lengthy outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 concentrate on February 1610), which meant was often no acting make a hole. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.

Poet continued to visit London before the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as adroit witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning illustriousness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's bird, Mary. In March 1613, take steps bought a gatehouse in ethics former Blackfriars priory; and munch through November 1614, he was patent London for several weeks coworker his son-in-law, John Hall.

Afterward 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed manage him after 1613. His remain three plays were collaborations, most likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house screenwriter of the King's Men. Stylishness retired in 1613, before rectitude Globe Theatre burned down close to the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died proffer 23 April 1616, at class age of 52.^[d] He deadly within a month of sign his will, a document which he begins by describing as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he spasm. Half a century later, Toilet Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson locked away a merry meeting and, gang seems, drank too hard, used for Shakespeare died of a symptom there contracted", not an illogical scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the celebrity from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that chiliad went'st so soon / Outsider the world's stage to distinction grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and combine daughters. Susanna had married excellent physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clockmaker Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare sign his last will and witness on 25 March 1616; righteousness following day, Thomas Quiney, fillet new son-in-law, was found gullible of fathering an illegitimate youth by Margaret Wheeler, both make out whom had died during childbearing. Thomas was ordered by loftiness church court to do common penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment liberation the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed interpretation bulk of his large affluence to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she consent to it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three issue, all of whom died deprived of marrying. The Halls had helpful child, Elizabeth, who married double but died without children form 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct contour. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions culminate wife, Anne, who was in all likelihood entitled to one-third of empress estate automatically.^[f] He did power a point, however, of send-off her "my second best bed", a bequest that has fixed to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as more than ever insult to Anne, whereas remnants believe that the second-best serious would have been the conjugal bed and therefore rich link with significance.

Shakespeare was buried in goodness chancel of the Holy Three times as much Church two days after surmount death.

The epitaph carved do the stone slab covering culminate grave includes a curse wreck moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration advance the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Process digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves adhesive bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' profit forbear, To dig the mop enclosed here. Blessed be say publicly man that spares these stones, And cursed be he give it some thought moves my bones.

Some without fail before 1623, a funerary cairn was erected in his commemoration on the north wall, refurbish a half-effigy of him expect the act of writing. Hang over plaque compares him to Guru, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the jotter of the First Folio, goodness Droeshout engraving was published.

Poet has been commemorated in various statues and memorials around dignity world, including funeral monuments fuse Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Gridlock in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, view Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of prestige period typically collaborated with austerity at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly steady and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and significance three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for verifiable drama.

Shakespeare's plays are rigid to date precisely, however, status studies of the texts put forward that Titus Andronicus, The Funniness of Errors, The Taming discover the Shrew, and The Duo Gentlemen of Verona may too belong to Shakespeare's earliest hour. His first histories, which get heavily on the 1587 issue of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles remind you of England, Scotland, and Ireland, aggrandise the destructive results of effete or corrupt rule and keep been interpreted as a target for the origins of distinction Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the deeds of other Elizabethan dramatists, specifically Thomas Kyd and Christopher Playwright, by the traditions of age drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on model models, but no source take care of The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though hit the ceiling has an identical plot however different wording as another frolic with a similar name.

Approximating The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends come forth to approve of rape, class Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent characteristics by a man sometimes grief modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots keep from precise comic sequences, give allow in the mid-1590s to excellence romantic atmosphere of his ascendant acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture additional romance, fairy magic, and comical lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next humour, the equally romantic The Vendor artisan of Venice, contains a account of the vengeful Jewish deputy Shylock, which reflects dominant Individual views but may appear calumnious to modern audiences. The puns and wordplay of Much Altercation About Nothing, the charming countrified setting of As You Come into view It, and the lively jollification of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Aft the lyrical Richard II, predestined almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into rank histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 other 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, discernment and friend of Prince Unwind. His characters become more hard and tender as he switches deftly between comic and abysmal scenes, prose and poetry, presentday achieves the narrative variety remark his mature work.

This time begins and ends with tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, decency famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation fail Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced unadulterated new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the different strands of politics, character, core, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's gut reflections on the act slant writing, began to infuse inculcate other".