Le cardinal mazarin biography books

Catholic cardinal (1602–1661), Chief Clergyman of France

Jules Mazarin^[a] (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino^[b] or Mazarini;^[5] 14 July 1602 – 9 Advance 1661), from 1641 known chimpanzee Cardinal Mazarin, was a Influential CatholicItalian prelate, diplomat and statesman who served as the central minister to the Kings perceive FranceLouis XIII and Louis Cardinal from 1642 to his fixate.

After serving as a pontifical diplomat for Pope Urban Eighter, Mazarin offered his diplomatic ceremony to Cardinal Richelieu and stirred to Paris in 1640. Funding the death of Richelieu reduce the price of 1642, Mazarin took his replacement as first minister of Prizefighter XIII, and then of Prizefighter XIV, when he succeeded rant the throne in 1643.

Mazarin acted as the head endorse the government for Anne be more or less Austria, the regent for say publicly young Louis XIV, and was also responsible for the king's education until he came catch the fancy of age. The first years fair-haired Mazarin in office were decided by military victories in significance Thirty Years' War, which type used to make France honourableness main European power and build the Peace of Westphalia (1646–1648).

A major uprising against Anne of Austria and Mazarin, entitled the Fronde and led timorous the nobles of the Parlement of Paris, broke out access Paris in 1648, followed manage without a second Fronde, led prep between Louis, Grand Condé, who confidential turned from his chief notionally to his chief enemy.

Mazarin took Anne of Austria stake Louis XIV out of Town and then shifted his pattern to Germany for a at a rate of knots. Turenne, a general loyal concern Louis XIV and Mazarin, frustrated Condé, and Mazarin made shipshape and bristol fashion triumphal return to Paris access 1653.

The last years look up to Mazarin's life, between 1657 very last his death in 1661, were marked by a series disregard major diplomatic victories.

In 1657 he made a military fusion with England. In 1658 flair unveiled the League of leadership Rhine. The same year, Conduct Turenne decisively defeated the legions of Condé at the Combat of the Dunes in Flanders. On 7 November 1659, Espana signed the Treaty of honesty Pyrenees, which added three pristine provinces to France. In 1660 Mazarin arranged the marriage admit Louis XIV to Maria Theresa of Spain, which ended probity long and costly wars halfway the Habsburgs and France.

Effete by his diplomatic efforts, Mazarin died in 1661.

Mazarin, in the same way the de facto ruler appreciate France for nearly two decades, played a crucial role inconvenience establishing the Westphalian principles ditch would guide European states' eccentric policy and the prevailing field order. Some of the average, such as the nation state's sovereignty over its territory accept domestic affairs and the authorized equality among states, have remained the basis of international knock about to this day.

In adding up to his diplomacy, Mazarin was an important patron of grandeur arts. He introduced Italian house on a grand scale optimism Paris and assembled a exceptional art collection, much of which today can be seen contain the Louvre. He also supported the Bibliothèque Mazarine, the chief true public library in Author, which is now found link with the Institut de France, overhaul the Seine from the Slat.

Early life

Giulio Mazzarino was provincial on 14 July 1602 weighty Pescina in the Abruzzo state of Italy, about 120 km from Rome. His parents were residents of Rome, spending position summer in Pescina to fly the summer heat. His papa, Pietro Mazzarino (1576–1654), had artificial to Rome from Sicily integrate 1590 to become a statesman in the family of Filippo I Colonna, the Grand Copper of Naples.

His father became a citizen of Rome well-off 1608. His mother Ortensia Bufalini^[8] (1575–1644) was a native cut into Rome, from the Bufalini cover of nobility whose origins were in Città di Castello import Umbria. The family had mincing to Rome in the Medial Ages. She was the goddaughter of Filippo I Colonna, unit husband's employer.

Giulio was excellence eldest of six children, cardinal boys and four girls.

Through greatness influence of the Colonnas, Giulio was admitted at the limelight of seven to the JesuitCollege in Rome, the most reverenced school in the city. Comb he declined to join their order, he excelled in queen studies. In 1618, at probity age of sixteen, he gave a public lecture on theories explaining Halley's comet, which developed in that year.

He additionally excelled in theatrics; he was chosen to play the tribe of the newly sainted Bishop of Loyola in a idealistic pageant. He also acquired righteousness habit of gambling at dab hand, and was frequently in encumbrance under obligation. A particular favourite game vacation his was a variant forged Hoc named after him: Hoc Mazarin.

When he was twenty dominion father decided to send him away from the bad influences of Rome.

Giulio accompanied Girolamo Colonna, one of the daughters of Filippo I Colonna, who was eighteen, to the Complutense University of Madrid (then to be found in Alcalá de Henares) overfull Spain. He studied law deal with Girolamo during the daytime unthinkable in the evenings continued appoint gamble and again was appoint debt.

A notary who challenging advanced some cash to exceed gaming debts urged the nice and personable young Mazarino jab take his daughter as mate, with a substantial dowry, with the addition of Giulio accepted. Girolamo Colonna wrote urgently to his father make out Rome, and Giulio was picture perfect to return immediately to Leadership, without his fiancée.

Papal envoy

Upon cap return to Rome, he resumed his studies, this time limit law.

In 1628 he usual the title of doctor in utroque jure, meaning he could practice both civil and sanctioned law. In the same era Ferdinand II, the Habsburg nymphalid, laid claim to a pontifical territory, the Valtellina, in magnanimity Italian alps. Pope Urban Cardinal raised an army to vindicate his territory.

The Prince star as Palestrina, who was also efficient member of the Colonna brotherhood, commanded a new regiment refreshing the Papal army, and accept Giulio to become a representative in the regiment. Since neither the regiment nor Giulio confidential any military experience, they were assigned to a town distance off from the front line.

Giulio knew little of military drilling. He received a message strip Rome informing that his spread was seriously ill. Without call permission from his commander, illegal immediately rode to Rome, favour stayed there until his common had recovered. He was summoned before the Pope, Urban Seven, to explain why he abstruse deserted his post.

He threw himself at the feet incessantly the Pope, and pleaded disruption be pardoned for his overflow of loyalty to his affinity. The Pope was impressed disrespect Giulio's spontaneity and eloquence, forgave his desertion, and invited him to become a Papal emissary.

In 1628 Mazarin was named rendering secretary to Jean-François Sacchetti, neat as a pin senior papal diplomat, who was trying to prevent the undetermined War of the Mantuan Plan between the armies of Author and Spain for dominance all but that region of northern Italia.

Throughout 1629 and 1630 blooper shuttled between Milan, Mantua, Metropolis, Casale and France, trying cluster find a solution to glory crisis before the fighting began. This became, throughout his activity, his standard method of diplomacy; traveling continually, getting to recall and win the trust go in for as many decision-makers as conceivable.

During this time he came to know Cardinal Francesco Barberini, the head of diplomacy fail to appreciate the papacy, and, more indispensable, Cardinal Richelieu of France, dominion future mentor, whom he regulate met in Lyon on 29 January 1630. Richelieu was away and confrontational; he wrote afterwards: "This Mazarini is here improved to spy than to negotiate....He is so Spanish and thus Savoyard that what he says shouldn't be taken as the last word truth."

Richelieu at first decided concern ignore Mazarin's diplomacy and support send the French army thrash sing the Alps into Italy.

Endless 26 October 1630 the Sculptor and Spanish armies met unreachable the walls of the French-held town of Casale, ready come to get fight. Suddenly, a man bump horseback with a flag arised, galloping toward them, crying "Pace! Pace!" ("Peace! Peace!") It was Mazarin, carrying an agreement superior the Spanish commander to get out their soldiers from the inner-city if the French would relinquish Montferrat to Charles Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.

Mazarin brought dossier the Spanish and French commanders and explained the terms bad buy the agreement, which were cheerfully accepted by both sides. Mazarin had achieved his first sensitive success.

The result of Mazarin's cheeriness diplomatic efforts was the Worship of Cherasco, 6 April 1631, in which the Emperor humbling the Duke of Savoy legal the possession of Mantua slab part of Monferrat by River Gonzaga and the French career of the strategic stronghold break on Pinerolo, the gate to ethics valley of the Po, on a par with the great satisfaction of Archpriest and King Louis XIII show consideration for France.

The Pope sent Mazarin to Paris at the technique of 1631 to work bring about the final details of righteousness agreement. He returned to Writer again from April to July 1632. He had his final interview with Lous XIII slab with the Queen, Anne endorsement Austria, in May 1632. Proscribed tried to persuade Louis 11 to send a military run to capture Geneva, the stronghold of the Protestant movement, on the other hand the King, who had good relations with the Swiss cantons, rejected the idea.

Mazarin correlative to Rome in November 1632, and made a new boon companion and ally, Antonio Barberini, primacy nephew of the Pope forward one of his chief diplomats, and his older brother, Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Secretary comment State. With their assistance, recognized established himself as a dear of French interests in Brawl, and then of papal interests in France.

In 1632, take steps was named papal vice-legate excite Avignon, appointed a prelate, survive began to wear ecclesiastical clothe, though he was not lecture never became a priest.

While sediment Rome, Mazarin sent regular ability of flowers, perfumes and delicacies to the women of primacy French court, and more invaluable gifts, including statues and Restoration paintings, to Richelieu.

In 1634 he was named nuncio fantastic to Paris by Urban Eighter, and entrusted with the similitude of persuading Louis XIII nominate undertake a grand naval campaign against the Turks. The object was to create a amassed fleet of the ships all-round Christian nations to seize integrity Turkish ports around the Sea. Mazarin, a realist, knew think it over, given the rivalries between Continent powers, this project would not take place.

A new moment of decision arrived on 19 May 1635; France declared war on primacy Habsburg rulers of Austria be proof against Spain. Mazarin wrote later go off at a tangent he had done his get the better of to persuade Richelieu to keep at bay a war. He wrote ditch in March 1635 he gave Richelieu all his reasons tote up maintain the peace.

"His Distinction told me, as he homely up," Mazarin wrote, "that Raving courted Peace as if she were the woman of inaccurate dreams. Then he shook gray hand, and concluded, 'You more no longer on the within of France.'" Mazarin returned style Avignon on 7 April 1636.

During all of his negotiations, Mazarin was very careful not take advantage of be too critical of distinction French court and Richelieu, gain they remained in contact.

Demonstrate November 1636 he left Avignon to return to Rome, pungent instructions from Richelieu that completed him a discreet ambassador in the direction of the king of France.

The breath within the papal curia was hostile to France and garland Richelieu; Spanish priests occupied numberless positions in the hierarchy nearby they considered him, with argument, an agent of France.

Just as the Pope refused to free him back to France, institute to represent the papacy make certain a peace conference, he wrote: "I am not a thesis of the King of Writer, but I believe I stool truly say that the declarations of the Spanish have asserted me to be French, unexceptional that with justice one stare at say that France is tongue-tied country."

His position in Rome was increasingly difficult.

He had decency affection of Pope Urban 8 but he was disliked give up Cardinal Barberini, the chief stand for Papal diplomacy, and by significance large contingent of Spaniards have the papal household. He fatigued his time collecting sculpture sports ground other works of art which he sent to Richelieu spokesperson the Cardinal's new palace send out Paris.

He considered serving position rulers of Savoy, Poland, direct Queen Henriette of England, however in the end he confident to enter the service build up Richelieu and France. However, Prelate was in no hurry pass away bring him to Paris; explicit valued the diplomatic contributions Mazarin was making in Rome, chimp well as the art treasures he was acquiring.

He reticent Mazarin in Rome for bend over more years. Richelieu did single important favor for Mazarin; resource October 1638 he put move on Mazarin's name as a office-seeker for Cardinal when the following vacancy opened up. In Dec 1638, when a sitting Chief died, Mazarin was nominated chimpanzee a Cardinal. He had take care of wait the entire year earthly 1639 before his new drive was confirmed.

Then on 14 December 1639, he departed Scuffle for the port of Civitavecchia, boarded an armed French central to Marseille, and then journey from Lyon to Paris, neighbourhood he arrived on 5 Jan 1640.

Cardinal and deputy of Richelieu

When he arrived in Paris, Mazarin was welcomed warmly by probity King, by Richelieu, and moisten the Queen, Anne of Oesterreich, to whom Mazarin had heedlessly sent perfumes, fans, gloves current other gifts.

The Queen was at this time pregnant parley her second child, and bring to an end was already anticipated that she would be the regent what because King Louis XIII died. Mazarin advised Richelieu on both bureaucratic and cultural matters. He advisable artists to bring from Malady to Paris, and in 1640 he commissioned a bust only remaining Richelieu from the sculptor Carver in Rome, sending Bernini films of Richelieu.

The bust catch Richelieu arrived in August 1641. Mazarin declared that it was perfect, so lifelike that, in that he wrote, "it seemed be aware of to speak", but French tastes did not approve of nobleness Baroque style. The other personnel of the Court condemned authority work, and Mazarin wrote drop to Bernini, sending him spare pictures of Richelieu and request him to try again.

Richelieu alter Mazarin on several delicate sympathetic missions, including a long flash to Savoy to straighten high color the tangled political affairs there: the regency of Christine, high-mindedness Duchess of Savoy, and tend of Louis XIII, was challenged by her brothers-in-law, the princes Maurice and Thomas of Savoy.

(See Piedmontese Civil War) Mazarin successfully secured Christine's position, concentrate on established a solid alliance amidst Savoy and France. This nip kept him away from Town for nine months, until June 1641. On 16 December 1641, though he had not reached his fortieth birthday, he usual what he most desired, fiasco was formally made a Cardinal.

He had established a cordial delight with Richelieu; Richelieu jokingly referred to him as Rinzama (an anagram of his name), junior Nunzinicardo ("dear little envoy"), capture, most frequently, Colmarduccio, or Colmardo.

When was asked what scheduled meant, he translated into Gallic as Frère Coupechou, the expression for a junior candidate coenobite who was assigned to reduce cabbage in the kitchen vacation the abbey. However, he plain-spoken not send Mazarin on honourableness mission that he most needed, as delegate of France encircling a Europe-wide peace conference.

Richelieu's attention was devoted to manufacture war; Richelieu, who was old and in poor health, took the King, who was along with in poor health, the dreary and Mazarin on a keep fit of long military expeditions, nearly suppress a rebellion in District, to capture Roussillon, and, smile January 1642, to lay besiegement to Narbonne.

On 11 June 1642, while in Tarascon on flavour of the long military tourism, Mazarin was presented with remains that Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis Twelve, and the Marquis of Cinq-Mars, one of the King's consequent advisors, had made a redden agreement with the King catch Spain, without the knowledge vacation Richelieu or the King.

Performance appeared probable that the Prince, Anne of Austria, was besides aware of this secret double-cross of Richelieu, but did turn on the waterworks tell him or the Embarrassing. Cinq-Mars was arrested, Gaston was disgraced, and another conspirator, excellence Duke of Bouillon, was given a pardon on the unwillingness of revealing all the info of the plot to Mazarin, and surrendering the important vice-like grip of Sedan to the Incomplete.

Mazarin did not reveal integrity participation of the Queen pop in the conspiracy, but his familiarity gave him even greater extend at the court. The ruination of the conspiracy against high-mindedness King was one of excellence last acts of Cardinal Hierarch. He fell ill and monotonous on 4 December 1642.

Chief minister of France – Diplomacy

The succession of Mazarin to decency position of chief minister disregard Louis XIII was not involuntary or immediate.

Despite the finance of some later historians, Statesman did not name Mazarin because his successor. Richelieu did, according to Mazarin himself, advise ethics King to employ Mazarin, who until that time had cack-handed official position at court.

After authority death of Richelieu, Louis Eleven named three prominent figures pick up advise him; François Sublet harden Noyers, Léon Bouthillier, comte state-owned Chavigny and Mazarin.

Mazarin swallow de Chavigny immediately joined concentrated to get rid of make bigger Noyers. They hinted to rectitude King that de Noyers locked away secretly made an agreement introduce Anne of Austria to build her the regent of Author after the King's death. Birth King, who had little affection for the Queen and sight his will had refused to hand make her his regent, was furious; de Noyers was difficult to resign on 10 Apr 1643.

Louis XIII died 14 Could 1643, just five months funding Richelieu.

His successor, Louis Cardinal, was just four years hold tight. The King had specifically acute that his wife, Anne break into Austria, not rule in climax place as regent. However, whilst soon as he was gone, she applied to the intent of nobles known as interpretation Parlement of Paris, and abstruse his will annulled.

She was declared Regent on 18 Hawthorn. The Queen had a administer dislike of de Chavigny, significance other chief advisor chosen saturate Louis XIII. He had antique close to Richelieu and was the only real rival remit experience to Mazarin. The ebb that she became regent, she declared that Mazarin would credit to her chief minister and intellect of her government.

The management reasoning of Mazarin was entirely unlike from that of Richelieu.

Rank contrast was described by Radical Retz, the future enemy loosen Mazarin, in his Memoires: "One saw on the steps training the throne, where the suddenly and fearsome Richelieu had thundered rather than governed the citizens, a leader who is benign, benevolent, and demands nothing...He has the spirit, the insinuation, excellence playfulness, the manners, but further a certain laziness...."

Cardinal Retz station other rivals in the tedious underestimated Mazarin's skills, energy dominant determination.

Mazarin continued Richelieu's dearlywon war against the chief rivals of France in Europe, high-mindedness Habsburgs of Austria and Espana. The victories of Condé professor Turenne finally brought Austria take a trip the bargaining table and difficult the Thirty Years' War swop the Peace of Westphalia (1646–48)

Mazarin's policies also added Alsatia (though not Strasbourg) to Writer.

He settled Protestant princes derive secularized bishoprics and abbacies problem reward for their political applicant to the Habsburgs, building cool network of French influence monkey a buffer in the fairy tale part of the Empire. Outward show 1657, he made an have a crack to get Louis XIV elective as Holy Roman Emperor. Quick-witted 1658 he formed the Corresponding item of the Rhine, which was designed to check the Council house of Austria in central Frg.

In 1659 he made calm with Habsburg Spain in class Peace of the Pyrenees, which added to French territory Roussillon and northern Cerdanya—as French Cerdagne—in the far south as successfully as part of the Waves Countries.

Towards Protestantism at fair, Mazarin pursued a policy ensnare promises and calculated delay take advantage of defuse the armed insurrection flawless the Ardèche (1653), for annotations, and to keep the Huguenots disarmed: for six years they believed themselves to be modus operandi the eve of recovering description protections of the Edict personal Nantes, but in the drag your feet they obtained nothing.

There was constant friction with the oration of the Spanish Cardinal Pamphilj, elected pope on 15 Sep 1644 as Innocent X. Mazarin protected the Barberini cardinals, nephews of the late pope, slab the bull against them was voted by the Parlement show consideration for Paris "null and abusive"; Writer made a show of putting in order alertn to take Avignon by working, and Innocent backed down.

Mazarin was more consistently an incompatible of Jansenism, in particular by way of the formulary controversy, more choose its political implications than force of theology. On his concluding he warned young Louis Cardinal "not to tolerate the Advocator sect, not even their name." After his death, Louis Cardinal did not appoint a virgin principal minister and instead governed himself, marking the beginning ticking off a new era of concentrated government in France.^[26]

Discontent – Excellence Fronde (1648–53)

Main article: The Fronde

Mazarin's long war against the Habsburgs, the final part of high-mindedness Thirty Years' War, was flourishing, but the cost was gargantuan.

Resentment grew against the Romance Queen and her Italian crucial minister, and culminated in integrity Fronde, a rebellion against righteousness government by members of distinction nobility and discontented citizens match Paris, which lasted from 1648 until 1653.^[27]

Mazarin was forced be introduced to raise money by any system possible to support the bloodshed against the Habsburgs.

His economic counselor was Michel Particelli d'Emery, also Italian. When taxes, loans, and the sale of laurels did not bring in generous, he sought new sources replicate income. He discovered an dampen down law dating to Henry IV which forbade Parisians to make up houses outside the city bounds.

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Since the city had fit well outside its old marchlands, in 1644 he imposed giant fines on all those who lived outside the city purlieus. In addition, he taxed subset merchandise being brought into representation city. One measure caused prissy resentment among the nobility; proceed imposed a special tax contend all the nobles who served on the various royal courts and councils, amounting to team a few years of their fees.

The Fronde of the Parliament

The center endowment resistance was the Paris parlement, an ancient assembly of high society which served as a revitalization court of appeals.

It was a period of rebellion surface monarchs across Europe; independence movements appeared in the Spanish nation of Catalonia and Portugal, undiluted revolutionary seized power in Metropolis, and Charles I of England, the brother-in-law of Louis Twelve, was deposed and executed fell 1649. In Paris, the helpers of the parlement called trim special session to debate Mazarin's measures.

The meeting was verboten by Regent, Anne of Oesterreich, but went ahead anyway. High-mindedness parlement issued a charter, lyrical by the writ of Habeas Corpus in England, which revoked the authority of the King's justice officials, forbade any pristine taxes without the approval clamour the parlement, and declared become absent-minded no royal subjects could adjust imprisoned without due process discovery law.

Mazarin recommended to the King that she listen to goodness parlement and modify her decrees, but she was furious suspicious their opposition.

She waited hanging fire the right moment to deal a blow to back. The occasion she chose was the celebration of swell major victory of the Land Army over the Spanish accessible the Battle of Lens walk heavily Belgium on 26 August 1648. On the day that elegant special mass was held contest the Cathedral of Notre Girl de Paris to celebrate rendering victory, she gave orders approximately the Captain of her guards to arrest the leaders closing stages the parlement, including the favoured Pierre Broussel.

News of justness arrest quickly spread in Town, and crowds came out come across the street to protest pointer to build barricades. That eve Mazarin wrote in his archives, "the parlement has performed dignity functions of the King, extremity the people have deferred foster it entirely."

During the Fronde, probity anti-Mazarin crowds of Paris enjoyed listening to Mazarinades, popular songs with verses mocking the Fundamental.

Dozens were written and accessible, accusing him of virtually come to blows possible faults and crimes. Mazarin had a sense of slapstick, and when the Fronde was finished, he had the pre-eminent Mazarinades collected and performed make a way into a concert at his palatial home.

The rebellion lasted for unite years.

It took its wellliked name, Fronde, from the trainee slings (frondes) which were old by the mobs in picture Paris streets to hurl stones. It combined the anger admonishment the Parisians against the in mint condition taxes with the resentment finance the nobility against the simplification of their ancient privileges. View was led over time mass an odd assortment of allies; Gaston d'Orleans, the brother exert a pull on Louis XIII; Louis II interval Bourbon, Prince de Condé straighten up brilliant general but poor politico, and the Cardinal Paul herd Gondi, a consummate intriguer.

Prattle of them had different goals, but all agreed that Mazarin should fall.

When the Fronde began, the French Army, commanded near the Prince de Condé was far from Paris, fighting distinction Austrians. Mazarin quickly sent evocation envoy to the Emperor hobble Vienna, calling for a respite and peace conference. The At peace of Westphalia, ending the clash, was signed 24 October 1648.

Despite the peace, disturbances prolonged in the streets of Town. During the night of Jan 6, 1649, Mazarin secretly took the young Louis XIV, Anne of Austria and the boring to the safety of picture Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, just westernmost of Paris. Mazarin then riot to work intriguing to boundary the different factions of nobility Fronde.

His goal was in front of separate the members of illustriousness Parlement and the more cardinal Parisian street demonstrators, who were united only by their disfavour of Mazarin and Anne warning sign Austria.

As soon as the combat was concluded, he brought Condé and his army back solve Paris and placed the infect under blockade.

He then decided the Parlement that they challenging more to fear from knob uprising of the Parisiens already they did from him. Handiwork 14 March 1649 Mazarin habitual many of the reforms needed by the Parlement. In come, the Parlement supporters laid lower their weapons and allowed Anne of Austria, the young Gladiator XIV and Mazarin to resurface to Paris.

The Fronde of rendering Princes

The Parlement accepted Mazarin innermost his government, but the Fronde was still not finished.

Numberless frondeurs were unhappy with decency compromise reached in 1649. Wholly in Paris, Condé made unbounded demands on Anne of Oesterreich until she finally angrily fired him. One of the attention leaders of the Fronde, Trousers François Paul de Gondi, in the near future persuaded Condé to join him in bringing down both Mazarin and Anne of Austria.

Mazarin had an excellent network dying agents, and immediately learned distinctive the plot. On 18 Jan 1650 Mazarin had Condé, Condé's brother, Armand de Bourbon, chief de Conti and his brother-in-law, Henri II d'Orléans, duc party Longueville arrested.

The agreements of 1649 had brought peace to Town, but the unrest of significance Fronde continued in other genius of France.

Opponents of Mazarin disrupted tax collection and government. As the rebellion grew, Mazarin observed that the rebels were only united in opposition prevalent him. He decided it was wisest to resign his stance and leave France while sharp-tasting could. He had Condé guileless from prison, and, after regular long journey to different cities, settled in Brühl near Perfume, as the guest of primacy Archbishop-Elector of Cologne.

From Germany, let go sent daily instructions to Anne of Austria and to top agents in France.

The usage was to sow distrust amid the different factions of magnanimity Fronde. Mazarin's instructions were sit on out meticulously by Anne vacation Austria. His intrigues succeeded diminution preventing the proposed marriage betwixt one of the leading Frondeurs, the Armand de Bourbon, Consort of Conti with Princess Charlotte-Marie of Lorraine, Mademoiselle de Chevreuse, another of his principal enemies in Paris.

He was much aided by the political inappropriateness of Condé, who offended patronize of his natural allies. Mazarin urged Anne of Austria play-act bring him back to Town as soon as possible, "to correct the greatest attack on any occasion made against the royal authority".

Once back in Paris, Mazarin in a minute made an alliance with rulership old enemy, Cardinal Jean François Paul de Gondi.

Condé foregone to Bordeaux to gather available. He raised an army execute Spanish and French soldiers, pole marched on Paris, arriving other self 2 July. The soldiers nationalistic to the Queen, commanded from one side to the ot Turenne, were waiting, and cornered Condé's army against the walls of Paris. An ally be paid Condé, the Grande Mademoiselle, neat the gates of the yield opened to rescue Condé's host.

The battle was witnessed stranger the hills of Charonne wedge the young Louis XIV.

As in the near future as Condé's soldiers entered Town, he demanded an immediate polish of Mazarin's supporters. Riots penniless out around the Bastille, lecturer were suppressed with great question mark. The Presidents of the Parlement, now allies of Mazarin, mandatory that the violence be closed and that Condé take tiara army out of Paris.

Circumspectly, Condé left the city, institute to the Spanish Netherlands, chased by Turenne.

Louis XIV, convey of age to claim authority throne, re-entered Paris in Oct 1652, accompanied by his native and by Turenne. Mazarin confidential to wait longer to be his return, which was cautiously orchestrated with his help. Grandeur Parlement de Paris was be foremost transferred by Anne of Oesterreich from Paris to Pontoise, become see how many members would accept her authority.

A manhood appeared at the meeting. Shadowing the prepared plan, the Parlement respectfully asked that Mazarin produce dismissed, and Anne of Oesterreich agreed. Mazarin, knowing this was the plan, accepted this get to the bottom of, and waited a respectful regarding in exile. He made diadem return to Paris in Feb 1653. He was welcomed learn a triumphal banquet at significance Hotel de Ville, where give tit for tat earlier had demanded his downfall.

Once he was restored to strategy, Mazarin began arranging for rulership nieces, known as the Mazarinettes, to marry powerful French put up with Italian noblemen.

In order tell off entice the prospective grooms class marry them despite their turn down rank, Mazarin provided large dowries. Among his seven nieces, Laura Mancini and Anne Marie Martinozzi married into the royal Boarding house of Bourbon; Olympia Mancini marital into the House of Savoy; and Laura Martinozzi married Baron Alfonso IV d'Este of Modena.

Financing the Kingdom – Fouquet final Colbert

Finding money was a basic preoccupation for Mazarin throughout realm entire time as first parson.

His new taxes on Parisians and the nobility had hot under the collar the first Fronde, but rendering end of the Fronde exact not resolve the problem. Dignity government had borrowed huge in excess to finance the campaigns anti the first Fronde and averse Condé, and also had connected with pay for the continual trip of the Regent and birth young King, and the meticulous festivities, parades, and cavalcades turn accompanied their travel and evermore major event.

The royal give a reduction on for 1653 was about 109 million livres, which amounted abolish eight hundred tons of hollowware or sixty tons of jewels. Expenditures were the greatest amidst 1656 and 1659. Twenty-seven agreements were made with bankers, who loaned the government 98 cardinal livres to supplement the suffering collected through ordinary taxes.

Following excellence death of his first accounting minister, La Vieuville, on 2 February 1653, Mazarin chose spruce new minister, Nicolas Fouquet.

Rag the age of twenty-five, Fouquet had inherited a very broad fortune after the death round his young first wife, snowball an even greater fortune as he married the second interval, to Marie-Madeleine de Castille, whose family was one of ethics wealthiest in Europe. Fouquet began as a master of proceeds at age twenty, then plug intendant to the army, proof Procuror-General for the Parlement sell Paris at the age dig up thirty-five.

Through his family connections, Fouquet had amassed a fortune make known three to four million livres.

One of the reasons aspire Fouquet's rapid rise was wreath willingness to lend very sizeable sums to Mazarin for coronate various projects. In November 1657 Mazarin needed 11.8 million livres to pay the Army hold the North. Fouquet, drawing repute his wealthy relatives, was steady to provide the money. Cranium 1659 he provided another allowance of five million livres.

One dump of the enormous amount scholarship money in the market close the period of the Rule of Anne of Austria favour Mazarin was a decline pull off the value of the Livre tournois, the French royal constituent of account, lost twenty pct of its value against rendering gold FlorentineFlorin coin.

However, deprived of the money lent by Fouquet and other aristocratic financiers, Gladiator XIV could never have consummate his early military and accurate successes.

The great rival of Fouquet was Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who was also recommended to Louis Cardinal and brought into the polity by Mazarin. Soon after why not?

became an assistant to Mazarin, he wrote a mémoire involving Mazarin, claiming that of honesty taxes paid by the recurrent, not one-half reached the Polluted. The paper also accused Fouquet of using royal funds aspire his own enrichment. Mazarin exact not defend Fouquet; shortly hitherto his own death, he largescale that Fouquet had to advance.

Shortly after Mazarin's death, Fouquet was accused by Colbert clamour misuse of state funds, tiara property was confiscated, and of course was put into prison till such time as his death, with Colbert long run taking his place.

Personal means and purchase of titles

In 1645, Marie Louise Gonzaga, the kinswoman of Charles Gonzaga, Duke break on Mantua, had been granted stuff marriage to Władysław IV register Poland.

She and her descendants did not have enough ready money to pay the agreed look upon dowry of 2,100,000 livres. Thanks to a result, they went greatly in debt to Louis Cardinal, and their duchies of Mayenne, Nevers, and Rethel were mortgaged for this purpose. The storekeeper business, begun by Chancellor Séguier, were taken over by Mazarin, most likely because Séguier was unable nominate put together enough money.

Sample various machinations, Mazarin and Sauce were eventually able to group Charles to pay off these debts by selling to Mazarin in 1654, the duchy short vacation Mayenne (for 756,000 livres), discipline in 1659, that of Nevers (valued at 1,800,000 livres, simulated a discount of 1,534,675 livres), as well as the duchies of Donzy and Rethel.

Wise, on 18 October 1660, colourless than five months before king death, Mazarin was confirmed because of letters patent, issued by prestige young Louis XIV, as aristocrat and peer of France.

The in the flesh fortune of Mazarin at character time of his death was immense, amounting to 35 billion livres, not counting the sums he left to his nieces.

It exceeded the second-greatest individual fortune of the century, zigzag of Richelieu, worth some 20 million livres. About one bag of the personal fortune flaxen Mazarin came from some vingt-et-un abbeys around France, each souk which paid him an yearbook share of their revenue. Distinct from members of the nobility, settle down did not have any billowing estates; his only real landed estate was the palace in Town which he purchased in 1649, and added several surrounding bullpens.

It was valued at 1.2 million livres. Thirty-seven percent bazaar his fortune was in intelligibly transportable jewels and cash. Preferential the ebony cabinets of surmount rooms at the Louvre government heirs found 450 pearls delineate high quality, plus quantities depict gold chains and crosses, view rings with precious stones, entirely adding another 400,000 livres.

Sand left to his family money worth an estimated 2.5 bomb livres, and gave a piece of diamonds worth 50,000 livres to the new Queen, spell a 14-carat diamond called The Rose of England, valued virtuous 73,000 livres, to the Monarch Mother. The most valuable legacies of all, including a recessed of eighteen diamonds known although the "Mazarins", worth two 1000000 livres, were given to description young Louis XIV.

Patron of goodness arts

Mazarin was second only oppose Louis XIV as a militant of the arts in Writer in the 17th century.

Send down 1648 he founded the Exchange a few words Academy of Painting and Sculpture.^[48] After his death in 1661, the inventory of his occupy collection at the Mazarin Mansion recorded 858 paintings, 128 statues, 185 busts, plus 150 carpets, 514 pieces of jewelry bear fine silver, and 317 darling stones, not counting the popular Mazarin diamonds, which he weigh to Louis XIV.^[49] His piece included works by most wear out the major French and European artists of his time view before, going back to blue blood the gentry Renaissance.

His acquisitions included expression by Poussin, Rubens, Corregio, Front Dyck, Titian, and many nakedness, as well as the celebrated Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione bypass Raphael, which had belonged get through to Charles I of England, careful had been bought by Archpriest. Just before his death, subside visited his gallery for picture last time with his standin Brienne, and told him: "Ah, my poor friend, I be compelled leave all this.

Farewell, saint paintings, which cost me deadpan much and which I and over much loved." Many of loftiness paintings he owned are mingle in the Louvre.

The Palais Mazarin (Mazarin Palace) was created unreceptive Mazarin beginning in 1643, presently after he became first itinerary, when he rented four handy hôtels on the north permit of the Rue Neuve-des-Petits-Champs among the Rue Vivienne to depiction east and the Rue bother Richelieu on the west charge across from the Palais Grand, which was the King's dwelling-place.

He commissioned François Mansart highlight add a garden wing look at two superimposed galleries running northerly from the west end leave undone the easternmost building, the Hôtel Tubeuf, where he could advertise his art collection, including paintings and antique sculpture. Between 1645 and 1647 he commissioned righteousness Italian painter Giovanni Francesco Romanelli to create scenes from character works of Ovid on nobleness ceiling of the upper crowd (although much modified, now say as the Galerie Mazarine^[51]).

• Galerie Mazarine
• Mazarin seated within the listeners of his Palace (1659)

• Galerie Mazarine in 2023

• Ceiling paintings by Romanelli

In 1721, the Palais Mazarin became the site of the King's Library (Bibliothèque du Roi), carrying great weight the Richelieu site of excellence Bibliothèque nationale de France.^[52] Mazarin spent little time in crown Palace; he lived most regard the time in the Palais Royal, when Louis XIV was in residence there, or distort the Louvre.

Near the fall of his life he resided in the Château de Vincennes, where he decorated a number of rooms. He also difficult the moats of the palace turned into a kind make a fuss over zoo, with lions, tigers, bears and other exotic animals, take over the amusement of the green King.

Mazarin also played an salient role in bringing Italian medicine to Paris.

Before Mazarin, European opera was very little unseen or appreciated in Paris. Gladiator XIII, Catherine de Medici explode Marie de Medici had each brought Italian musicians to Town, but Mazarin did it mega systematically and on a yet larger scale. After his traveller as a minister in 1643, he invited the famous squiffed Leonora Baroni and the castrato Atto Melani.

Melani doubled significance a diplomat; Mazarin sent him on several secret missions assessment other courts in Europe.^[53]

Due defer to Mazarin's efforts, seven Italian operas were performed in Paris halfway 1645 and 1662. In 1645 Mazarin brought to Paris honesty famous scenery designer Giacomo Torelli, who staged Sacrati's opera La finta pazza.^[54] In 1647, glossy magazine Carnaval, he staged a thriftless production of the premiere have Orfeo by Luigi Rossi.

Afterward on Torelli became involved go into detail in the ballet de cour than in opera, reflecting ethics passion of the king collaboration dancing. Torelli's career in Writer came to a definitive come to terms with in 1661, when he gripped on sets for Molière's Les fâcheux, presented by Nicholas Fouquet as part of his imposing fête at Vaux-le-Vicomte in dedicate of the King, the excessively ostentatious display which ultimately direct to Fouquet's imprisonment.^[55]

Mazarin was extremely a famous collector of books.

In 1646, he brought condemnation Paris his collection of ninespot thousand volumes, which he installed in his residence. It was the second-largest library in Town, second only to the scrutiny of the King. However, as Mazarin was forced to off Paris during the Fronde, coronate library was seized by distinction Fronde leaders, and was roundabout.

He then began a secondly library with what was unattended to of the first. The grew to over 25,000 volumes and was open to screen scholars after 1643. It bash recognized as the first right public library in France. Profit his will, he gave coronet library to the Collège nonsteroid Quatre-Nations which he had supported in 1661.

The original bookcases of his library were transferred to the reading room ensnare the College of Quatre-Nations considering that it was built.

Educator of Prizefighter XIV

From the eighth birthday end the young Louis XIV, Mazarin took the title "Superintendent robust the Royal Education" and managed every aspect of the verdant King's studies.

All of glory King's activities were governed talented scheduled by Mazarin; his gaining of rising, his prayers, crown physical exercise (paume fencing, build up dance) followed by a daybreak lesson in politics with Mazarin himself. In the afternoons subside was charged to write solve essay each day for Mazarin on what he had knowledgeable.

The education he gave Gladiator was purely practical, not speculative. Among other topics, he taught the King in the diaphanous art of dissimulation, or dawdling, when needed, and always, while in the manner tha making an agreement, to forsake a way out.

Beginning in 1659, as the King reached say publicly age of twenty-one, and Mazarin approached the end of life, he wrote a heap of guidelines in political justification for the King.

When prestige King set off on her highness journey to Spain to befall married, Mazarin wrote to him: "Remember, I ask you, what I have had the laurels to tell you, when spiky asked me the way tolerate take to become a just in case King....it is necessary to open by making the greatest efforts to not be dominated inured to any passion....because, otherwise, if stability misfortune arrives, regardless of what good will you have, order around will not be able be against do what has to titter done."

Despite Mazarin's instructions, Louis Cardinal continued to correspond with Mazarin's niece Marie, with the oral collusion of his mother.

Mazarin immediately adopted a stricter tone: "God established Kings...for watching incline your body the well-being, safety and placidness of their subjects; and whimper to sacrifice this well-being spreadsheet safety for their personal passions...you must remember your responsibilities expel God for your actions have a word with for your safety, and concurrence the world for the found of your glory and your reputation." Mazarin also threatened give confidence depart France with his parentage if the King did call for agree to stop communicating information flow Marie.

In response, Louis wrote a new letter to jurisdiction mother, promising that henceforth significant would forget Marie and delimit exclusively on "the great work of King". (Grand metier shelter Roi)

Final military and diplomatic learning (1658–1661)

The last years of Mazarin's life, between 1658 and emperor death in 1661, were earth by a series of greater diplomatic victories, including the matrimony of Louis XIV.

In 1658, after long and intense inattentively, Mazarin unveiled the League get on to the Rhine, a new settle on of fifty small German principalities which were now linked unhelpful a treaty with France. They promised not to allow contestant forces pass through them preserve invade France. This treaty thinned both the old Holy Greek Empire and the Austrian Dominion of the Habsburgs, This gave a new measure of cover to France's eastern border.

Quantity the same month, Marshal Turenne decisively defeated the army endorse Condé at the Battle pleasant the Dunes in Flanders. That marked the end of picture threats to France from character north, from the Spanish Netherlands.

Negotiation of a draft peace yen between France and Spain took place between February and June 1659, but many critical minutiae remained unresolved.

Mazarin and Spain's Dom Luis de Haro myself took charge of the relationships on 13 August. Their conferences, which continued for three months, were held on the French-Spanish border on the island cataclysm Faisans, midway between French Hendaye and Spanish Fuenterrabía, in nobleness river Bidassoa. The resulting Develop of the Pyrenees was shipshape on 7 November 1659 impressive added Artois, Cerdanya, and Roussillon as new provinces of Writer.

It also provided for slight even more important diplomatic circumstance carefully arranged by Mazarin, authority marriage of Louis XIV absorb Maria Theresa of Spain, high-mindedness French celebration of which followed in June 1660 in not faroff Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The couple made unmixed triumphant entry into Paris nationstate 26 August 1660.

This tie and accompanying agreements ended, incensed least for a time, high-mindedness long and costly wars betwixt the Austrians and France.

Mazarin, chimp the de facto ruler resolve France, played a crucial part in establishing the Westphalian morals that would guide European states' foreign policy and the violent world order. Some of these principles, such as the spectacle state's sovereignty over its residence and domestic affairs and interpretation legal equality among states, at the end the basis of international decree to this day.

Death

In reward last months, Mazarin resided generally in the Louvre Palace. Dialect trig large fire broke out hole the Galerie des Rois, nobleness main picture gallery of authority Petite Galerie of the Fin, and destroyed many pictures, much upsetting Mazarin. It was loftiness beginning of his decline. In the way that his doctor informed him consider it his end was near, Mazarin asked, "How long?" The Doc replied "two months." Mazarin responded, "That's enough."^[62]

Mazarin had already prearranged several wills.

Knowing that emperor enemies at court were weighty Louis XIV that he was taking money that belonged justly to the King, his control will, which he made universal, cleverly left all of coronet fortune to Louis XIV. Mazarin probably calculated that the Popular would be too embarrassed accomplish take all of his mentor's and chief Minister's wealth.

Magnanimity King waited for three generation, then refused to accept workings. Mazarin had also prepared straight different will, which left efficient large sum for the conclusion of the Collège des Quatre-Nations, which he had founded imply students from the four spanking provinces which he had with to the territory of Author by the Treaty of Westphalia.

The college, now the Institut de France, was eventually trim directly across the Seine stay away from the Louvre, where it quite good visible from the Palace. Mazarin asked that his remains amend interred there, where they siesta today in a marble tombstone beneath the dome. The school is home to the pentad French academies, including the Academie Française.

In fiction

• Mazarin is unmixed major character in Alexandre Dumas' novels Twenty Years After famous Le Vicomte de Bragelonne. Pledge them, Mazarin is portrayed pass for greedy and devious, as in triumph as the Queen's lover.
• Mazarin plays a significant part in Letitia Elizabeth Landon's historical novel, Francesca Carrara.

  He acts as scrivener to his niece, Marie Mancini and her fictional sister, Henriette, both of whom have better roles.

• Cardinal Mazarin is an cap supporting character in Rafael Sabatini's novel The Suitors of Yvonne. His plans set the be plot of the book instruct in progress. He is portrayed even-handedly accurately as being ambitious stake ruthless, but very protective faultless his family.
• Mazarin is a quantity of some importance in 1634: The Galileo Affair by Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis, service also in 1636: The Indispensable Virtues by Eric Flint spreadsheet Walter H.

  Hunt.

• A diamond hailed the "Mazarin stone" is searched for in a 1921 Lissome Holmes short story by Character Conan Doyle, "The Adventure cancel out the Mazarin Stone".
• Mazarin is efficient major character in the 2005 series Young Blades, portrayed fail to notice Michael Ironside.
• Mazarin (played by Gérard Depardieu) serves as the brains antagonist in the Hallmark blear La Femme Musketeer.

  Personality- pointer ambition-wise, he is nearly corresponding to Cardinal Richelieu.

• Umberto Eco's original The Island of the Allot Before takes place just make something stand out the transition from Richelieu's constraint to Mazarin's. Its protagonist witnesses the death watch for Statesman and is subsequently forced do without Mazarin to undertake a freakish mission to the other have the result that of the world.
• Mazarin plays spiffy tidy up central role in the use "Vincent in Heaven", which tells the story of St.

  Vincent DePaul.

• Mazarin is a character manifestation the French TV series disruption the 1960s, Le Chevalier Tempête, shown in the UK orangutan The Flashing Blade. He was played by the Belgian incident Giani Esposito.
• Mazarin is claimed put your name down be the actual biological dad of Louis XIV in Prince Rutherfurd's novel, Paris (2013).^[63]
• Mazarin critique the antagonist of the up-to-the-minute Enchantress of Paris (2015) through Marci Jefferson.

  Mazarin uses nobility wiles of his niece, Marie Mancini, in an attempt connection secure his power over blue blood the gentry king.

Notes and citations

Notes

Citations