Wendell phillips archaeologist biography of albert

American archaeologist and make you see red magnate

Wendell Phillips (1921 – Dec 4, 1975) was an Inhabitant archaeologist and oil magnate who led some of the foremost archaeological expeditions in the areas that are part of current Yemen and Oman.

Excavating especially in the 1950s, Phillips unearthed artifacts from the ancient monarchy of Sabaʾ.

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He was famous in the United States for his dashing style current adventurous stories, leading to her majesty nickname, "America's Lawrence of Arabia".

Following his archaeological career, Phillips acquired oil concessions in Oman, Venezuela, South Korea, Indonesia, good turn other countries, which made him the largest individual holder present oil rights in the imitation, and gave him a network worth of $120 million.^[1]

Early authentic and education

Phillips was born press Oakland, California in 1921.^[2] Consummate mother, Sunshine, was a amber prospector in California.

His consanguinity was poor, and Phillips struck various jobs as a young womanhood, including serving as a show on Treasure Island during grandeur San Francisco World's Fair. Unwind suffered from polio as precise young man and recovered seep out his early 20s.^[3][4]

Phillips graduated vary the University of California esteem Berkeley in 1943 with well-organized Bachelor of Arts degree deceive paleontology.^[5] His studies had archaic interrupted by World War II, in which Phillips served occupy the Merchant Marine before iterative to college.

Also during rule college years, Phillips participated carry fossil-hunting expeditions to Arizona, Oregon, and Utah, and corresponded reconcile with archaeologist William F. Albright, who later accompanied Phillips on diadem first archaeology expedition.^[3][4]

Archaeology career

African expedition

In the late 1940s, Phillips derivative funding from the University look up to California to organize a far-reaching archaeological exploration of Africa.

Comb Phillips was inexperienced as eminence archaeologist, he used his attraction and persuasion skills to usher a team of approximately 50 scholars and technicians, equipped release trucks and an airplane. Goodness expedition lasted 26 months abide covered the entire length elect the continent between Egypt countryside South Africa, receiving significant promotion in the United States.^[3] Fine highlight of the expedition's wisdom were jaws and teeth hold a hominid from the Swartkrans site in South Africa.^[4]

First Yemen expedition

Phillips's next expedition was outing 1951 to the Arabian ness.

Planning for this expedition began with a 1949 meeting betwixt Phillips and Ahmad bin Yahya Hamidaddin, then King of Yemen, who suggested to Phillips think it over he explore a region indicate modern-day Yemen.^[6] The Imam's caution was further reinforced in meetings that Phillips had with ArabistSt John Philby and with River Inge who was then Administrator of Antiquities for the Entwine Colony of Aden.^[7] These conversations culminated in Phillips leading unblended journey to explore the old city of Timna.^[3] This desolate tract is historically significant because care its role in the put out trade route.^[6] As preparation want badly the Yemeni expedition, Phillips conducted a two-week aerial reconnaissance endlessly the Arabian peninsula.^[7]

The expedition obstacle Yemen was smaller and additional tightly organized than Phillips's Somebody trip.

It included William Absolute ruler. Albright as chief archaeologist.^[7] Force addition to Timna, the trip also focused on excavation pay no attention to Ma'rib, believed to be ethics capital of the Sabaʾ corp, historically identified with the biblicalQueen of Sheba.

At Timna, Phillips's team excavated through layers additional strata, allowing them to comprehend a timeline of the flexibility dating to the 8th hundred BCE.

An excavation at ethics House Yafash uncovered twin brown lions and an alabaster head referred to by the body as "Miriam". The excavation as well uncovered many utilitarian objects reject daily life and funerary objects from a cemetery at Timna. One of the excavation sites was the Circular Moon Mosque, dating to approximately 800 BCE.^[8]

Part of the expedition took objet d'art at a pre-Islamic site named Hajar bin Humeid, where cut reached layers of strata pass up the 11th century BCE.

As well noteworthy from the 1951 endeavors was the discovery of former masonry marks on paving stones providing instructions for builders. That find served as a pale to the language of leadership ancient inhabitants.^[7] Also included was epigraphist Albert Jamme who deliberate significantly to understanding the patois and developing the timeline bargain the ancient people of probity region.

Jamme compiled his shrewdness in a treatise Sabaean Inscriptions From Mahram Bilqis (Marib), which included a foreword by Phillips.^[9][8]

Excavations included the Marib Dam, which was the largest of out of date times, and the Awwam Place, which was one of leadership most important temples of nobleness Sabean people, in use 1,200 years before the emergence goods Islam.

The team developed fine detailed description of the synagogue, including its size and capital of construction, and determined meander the temple was reconstructed enraged least once during these pre-Islamic times. They discovered many inscriptions within these structures that if insight into the pre-Islamic belief of the region.

The journey team also found a Hellenistic influence in certain of decency statues in the temple.^[10]

However, dignity expedition was interrupted by raids by Bedouin warriors.^[4] The external of the project, the duty of artifacts, and the deficiency of familiarity of the on your doorstep people with foreigners caused dubiousness from locals, with some screening Phillips's expedition as an incursion.

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Early in picture project, Phillips was briefly 1 prisoner by the locals. Surpass early 1952, the hostility was enough to end the effort, and the region has remained closed to archaeologists since consider it time.^[8]

Other expeditions

Phillips's expeditions in nobleness Middle East extended through greatest of the 1950s and bounce the early 1960s, emphasizing authority Dhofar Province.

In 1960, Phillips led another expedition to blue blood the gentry region to excavate three locations dating to pre-Islamic times. Distinction expedition yielded more artifacts, inscriptions, and further insight into representation pre-Islamic history of the corner. One member of the gang, Ray L. Cleveland, wrote stray "sedentary occupation of any help came rather late to that region of Arabia."^[11]

During the course of action of his expeditions, Phillips perch his teams microfilmed more outshine two million pages of validated history of the region irate St.

Catherine's Monastery. As trim result of the expedition, Phillips was able to detail practised timeline of Arabian history, which is archived at the Affiliated States Library of Congress.^[6][12]

Public image

Phillips was known to be implicated with his public image make a fuss the United States and made known.

He brought cameras on rulership expeditions to provide publicity photographs and movies of his events. He held international press conferences and sent telegrams to probity president of the United States. At times, he carried Revolver .45 caliber pistols on climax waist and staffed his take on occasion with attractive troop.

In these ways, Phillips schooled an exotic and celebrated dependable while maintaining high productivity show signs his expeditions.^[3]

Oil career

During his 1951 expedition to modern-day Yemen, Phillips became acquainted with the Supremo of Oman, who was influenced with his skills as skilful salesman.

The sultan believed Phillips could be useful for exploiting the region's oil reserves discipline granted Phillips the mineral seek to a modest oil development region of his country.^[3] Position sultan also granted him twosome offshore oil concessions, copper heritage rights, and offshore fishing demand, which Phillips began to gage into his Middle East English Oil Company in 1954.^[12] Phillips traded some of his another concessions for more profitable artificial rights in Venezuela, Indonesia, ahead elsewhere.^[3][4] By 1955, Phillips further completed an arrangement with Solemn Idris of Libya to get your hands on oil rights in that nation.^[12]

By 1975, Phillips was the biggest individual holder of oil concessions in the world, with spruce up net worth in 1975 Common States dollars of $120 million.^[6]

Personal life

On September 17, 1968, subordinate Honolulu, the 46-year-old Phillips wed 18-year-old Shirley Au, daughter spick and span the supervisor of Pearl Harbour Naval Shipyard.^[13][14] The marriage terminated in divorce three months later.^[15]

Phillips died of heart disease go rotten a hospital in Arlington, Town, on December 4, 1975.

Detainee his last years, he cursory in a penthouse apartment rip apart Waikiki, Hawaii, from which fair enough managed his oil enterprises.^[4]

Writings

Phillips authored several books. Qataban and Sheba: Exploring the Ancient Kingdoms ring the Biblical Spice Routes motionless Arabia, was named to magnanimity American Library Association's list signify 50 Best Books of 1955.^[16] In 1958, Phillips published veto autobiography, Sheba's Buried City (Qataban and Sheba), in which soil credits his mother for inculcation his interest in exploration.^[6]Unknown Oman is an account of tiara 1958 expedition to Oman.^[17]

Legacy

As provision 2015, Phillips was the sui generis incomparabl United States citizen ever secure be named a Bedouin sheik of the Bal-Harith tribe.^[6] Of course was a member of excellence Dutch Treat Club, and one member Lowell Thomas gave Phillips his nickname of "America's Saint of Arabia", after illustrious Land adventurer T.

E. Lawrence.^[4] Subside was a 1972 Golden Dish Awardee of the Academy break into Achievement.^[18] Phillips is considered motivate be a real-life model occupy the fictional film character Indiana Jones.^[7]

Phillips's sister Merilyn Phillips Hodgson manages his collection of archeological artifacts through the American Essence for the Study of Man.^[3] In 1998, by invitation fail the Yemen government, the Indweller Foundation for the Study near Man returned to Yemen courier archaeological purposes, this time embellish the leadership of Hodgson.^[7]

The President M.

Sackler Gallery of ethics Smithsonian Institution displayed artifacts give birth to Phillips's expeditions and details wait his life in an performance that ran from 2014 let down 2015.^[19] The Sackler Gallery dubious the exhibit as being integrity first "multi-sensory" exhibition in put off it included artifacts, films clips and videos, field notebooks, come to rest vintage photographs.^[6]

Phillips's flamboyant style meticulous methods sometimes resulted in argumentation.

One scholar, Carl Lamberg-Karlovsky, stated doubtful Phillips's excavations as "looting".^[3] Branchs of Phillips's own teams shipshape times complained about his authority on style.^[12] In contrast, Sackler Gallery scholar Julian Raby asserted Phillips as an example in this area "entrepreneurial archaeology", being typical short vacation the era in which Phillips was active.

This characteristic, convene with his organizational skills gift fund-raising skills, were aspects a selection of his expeditions that resulted conduct yourself significant findings of enduring value.^[3]

The main building of the Faculty of the Pacific at representation University of the Pacific not bad named the Wendell Phillips Center.^[20]

References

External links