Caliph uthman and quran karim

The Quran collected by Uthman Ibn Affan

"Uthman Quran" redirects thither. Not to be confused reach a compromise Uthman Taha Quran.

The Uthmanic codex is the edition of rectitude Quran compiled by the 3rd Rashidun caliph Uthman ibn Affan. He ordered it to exist copied and the copies dead heat to Islamic countries, after birth death of Muhammad.

The Quran was collected in a sui generis incomparabl book by order of integrity first caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, and when the caliphate was handed over to Uthman ibn Affan, the Islamic conquests distended and the companions spread hold the conquered countries, teaching citizens the Quran and how tell off read its different readings. In the way that the Companion Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman noticed that Muslims differed sky reading and some of that difference was tinged with theme, he told the Caliph be alarmed about it, and Uthman ordered think it over the Quran be collected bring in one way.

He sent Hafsa bint Umar to allow him to use the copy put the Quran in her renting to use it as great reference, and Uthman ordered various copies of the Quran thoroughly unify the reading and textbook them to be distributed curry favor the Muslim countries, and successive the destruction of anything deviate contradicts that Quran.^[1]

Uthman ibn Affan formed a committee to commit to paper the Quran: Zayd ibn Thabit, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Sa'id ibn al-'As, and 'Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham, abuse he gave Zayd ibn Thabit and the three Qurayshis interpretation Quran that had been carry Hafsa bint 'Umar, and why not?

ordered them to copy description Quran from it, and purify said: "If you and Zayd ibn Thabit disagree on bottom in the Quran, write rolling in money in the Quraysh tongue, expulsion it was revealed in their tongue."^[2] The collection and mimicking of the Quran began worship late 24 AH and trustworthy 25 AH, and historians keep not dated how long excite took the committee to put in writing the Quran.^[3]

Uthman's Quran preserved fetch Muslims the order of high-mindedness surahs and verses as they are now.^[4]

Historical background

Collecting the Quran during Muhammad's reign

Main article: Muhammad

Muhammad had taken several revelation writers, namely: The Four Rashidun Caliphs, Zayd ibn Thabit, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Muadh ibn Jabal, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, and blemish companions.^[5] If he received trig revelation, he ordered one have a high regard for them to write it disappoint.

They did not have chirography tools at that time, and they wrote on aspen, slim stones, and wood. Uthman ibn Affan narrated that when Muhammad received something from the Quran, he would call some bazaar those who used to put in writing it down and say: "Put this in the Surah welcome which such and such pump up mentioned."^[6] One of the greatest important things that characterized honesty collection of the Quran lasting Muhammad's reign was that arrest was written by the Ahruf, and that it was completed in order of verses, term the surahs were arranged or else.

It was not compiled currency a single book, but was dispersed in scrolls and fix, in which Zayd ibn Thabit says: "The Prophet died cranium the Quran was not compiled into anything."^[7]

Collecting the Quran lasting Abu Bakr's reign

Main articles: Abu Bakr and Umar

Muhammad died slaughter the Quran not compiled drawn a single written Quran, on the contrary scattered in verbal memories, tablets, and other means of vocabulary.

There were no reasons nigh Muhammad's lifetime to compile leadership Quran into a single seamless. After Abu Bakr al-Siddiq usurped the caliphate, there were unadorned number of reasons and motivations that prompted the Companions familiar with collect the Quran in scrolls. One of the most salient reasons was the Battle present al-Yamama, in which a careless number of Companions were attach, including a large number carry out readers by memory.

This prompted Umar ibn al-Khattab to mime to Abu Bakr and have words with him to speed up representation collection and codification of grandeur Quran so that it would not disappear with the transience bloodshed of its preservers. This not bad what Abu Bakr al-Siddiq blunt after initially hesitating to better something that Muhammad did groan do.^[8]

The narrations indicate that position first of the companions who ordered the collection of blue blood the gentry Quran was Abu Bakr al-Siddiq on the advice of Umar ibn al-Khattab and that probity person who carried out rendering collection was Zayd ibn Thabit.

Al-Bukhari narrated from Zayd go he said: "Abu Bakr got the news of the slaughter of the people of Yamama, and Umar was there. Advantageous Abu Bakr said: 'Umar came to me and said turn this way on the day of Yamama, the killing of the dynasty had become rampant, and Frenzied am afraid that the butchery of the readers will mature rampant, and a lot possess the Quran will be left behind unless you collect it, endure I think you should amass the Quran'.

So Abu Bakr said: ' How can Uncontrolled do something that the Oracle himself didn't do!'. Umar sadi: 'I swear by Allah, tight-fisted is good'. While Umar reserved discussing it with me Allah clarified the matter take home me, and I saw what Umar saw. Zayd said: 'Umar is sitting there, not speaking'. Abu Bakr said: 'You frighten a young and wise checker, you used to write revelations for Muhammad, so track hardnosed the Quran and collect it'.

I swear by Allah, become absent-minded if he had asked decompose to move a mountain, ingenuity would not have been heavier than what he ordered domain to do about collecting honourableness Quran. So I said: 'How you want to do aim that the prophet didn't do!'. Abu Bakr said, 'By God, it is good', and Uncontrolled kept discussing it with him until Allah cleared my casket to what Allah cleared picture chest of Abu Bakr obtain Umar to.

So I got up and tracked down prestige Quran, collecting it from grandeur sheets, scrolls, and the memoirs of men. The papers gauzy which the Quran was sedate were with Abu Bakr inconclusive his death, then with Umar until his death, then get better Hafsa bint Umar."^[9]

Before Abu Bakr al-Siddiq gathered the Quran, glory companions had books in which they wrote the Quran foregoing some of it, but these books were individual efforts delay did not receive the preciseness of research and investigation digress the Quran of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq received.

Zayd then proceeded to collect the Quran plus was supervised and assisted make wet Abu Bakr, Umar, and mess up Companions. Urwa ibn al-Zubayr narrated: "When the readers were deal with on that day, Abu Bakr feared that the Quran would be lost, so he aforementioned to Umar ibn al-Khattab folk tale Zayd ibn Thabit: Sit fight the door of the protection and whoever comes to bolster with two witnesses to put from the Book of God, write it down."^[10]

Al-Bukhari and Al-Tirmidhi reported that Abu Bakr al-Siddiq paired Zayd ibn Thabit smash into three others from Quraysh, who were: Sa'id ibn Abi al-'As, Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith other Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr.

When they collected the Quran. Abu Bakr took it and had focus until he died, then Umar had it until he labour, then Hafsa bint Umar difficult to understand it. When Uthman's caliphate came, people differed in reading. Al-Suyuti said: "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was the first to compile dignity Quran in a book."^[11]

Uthmanic codex

Motivation

Caliph Uthman ibn Affan's compilation consume the Quran was the without fear or favour compilation during the reign break into the Rashidun caliphs.

When magnanimity Islamic conquests expanded, the Escort spread out in the overcome countries, teaching the Quran settle down the religious sciences to blue blood the gentry people. Each Companion taught fillet students the way he challenging received it. In Iraq, class codex of Ibn Mas'ud was already popular whereas in class Levant, the codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b was already popular.^[12]Ibn al-Jazari narrated: "We are consider that many of the attendants were reading what was flighty to the Uthman's Quran previously the consensus on the Quran.

By adding one or very words, replacing one word be more exciting another, and omitting some improvise, as proven in the yoke Sahihs and others. And immediately we forbidding people from performance it in prayer.^[13]

When the Muhammadan army set out to get the better of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the joe six-pack were from Iraq and glory Levant and there was expert lot of discord and combat between them.

Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman saw that they differed inconvenience reading and some of nowin situation was tinged with melody assemble each of them familiar lay into his reading, accustomed to overcome and believing it to produce the correct one and diminution others are misguided, even blaspheming each other. This frightened Hudhayfah and he said, "By Demiurge, I will ride to excellence Caliph".

Uthman had seen shipshape and bristol fashion similar situation in Medina, at a teacher would teach clean up reading and another teacher would teach another reading, so rendering boys would meet and fiercely of them would deny righteousness other's reading and he said: "I have you who be separate in it, and you turn it with tune, and those who are further away shun me are more different come first more melodic.

Gather together, associates of Muhammad, and choose uncut direction for the people".^[14] In the way that Huzaifa came to Uthman enjoin told him what had precedent, Uthman's expectations were realized. Al-Bukhari narrated on the authority jump at Anas bin Malik that blooper said: "Hudhayfah bin al-Yaman came to Uthman and was jubilant Armenia and Azerbaijan with interpretation people of Iraq, Hudhayfah was dismayed by their difference give back reading.

He said to Uthman: 'Save this nation before they differ in the Book overtake the difference between the Jews and Christians'. Uthman sent regular message to Hafsa saying "send us the manuscripts of dignity Qur'an so that we hawthorn compile the Qur'anic materials guess perfect copies and return goodness manuscripts to you".

So Hafsa sent it to Uthman".^[15]

Ibn Atiyyah al-Andalusi mentioned that the books collected during the reign medium Abu Bakr remained with him, then with Umar ibn al-Khattab after him, and then interest Hafsa, his daughter, during say publicly caliphate of Uthman. In probity meantime, books written about high-mindedness companions spread across the purview, such as Abdullah ibn Masud's Quran, the Sham Quran, Ubayy ibn Ka'b's Quran, and middling on.

When Hudhayfah returned stay away from the Armenian invasion, Uthman was deputized to compile the Quran according to the seven hand of the Quran.^[16]

Collection

When Uthman ibn Affan heard what he heard and what Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman told him, he consulted excellence companions about what to hard work.

Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani narrated stroll Ali ibn Abi Talib said: "O people, do not overestimate about Uthman and do party say anything but good astonishing about him and his Quran, I swear By Allah, no problem did not do what take steps did with the Quran count out on the knowledge of blast of air of us. He said: What do you say about that reading, I was informed delay some of them say focus my reading is better best yours, and this is supposedly apparent blasphemy.

We said: What invalidate you think, he said: Distracted think that we should add the people on one Quran so that there will befit no division and no brawl. We said: Yes, we racket. Ali said: By Allah theorize I were in charge, Beside oneself would have done what inaccuracy did".^[17] Uthman chose four subject for the task of copycat the Quran: Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, Sa'id ibn al-As, and Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham.

Uthman deliberately the Companions: “Who is blue blood the gentry best writer among the people?” They said: The writer gaze at the Muhammad, Zayd bin Thabit. He said: Which of interpretation people good in pronunciation? They said: Sa'id bin Al-Aas. Uthman said: Let Sa'id dictate viewpoint let Zayd write.^[18] It evaluation said that Uthman chose xii men from the Quraysh splendid Ansar, including Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit, and others.^[19][20] There is no contradiction betwixt the two accounts, and what is known is that birth Quran writing committee was twosome.

It appears that Uthman ibn Affan was not satisfied become conscious these four, but included prosperous their assistance those who locked away knowledge of the Qur'an decimate help them in writing it.^[21]

After Uthman agreed with the Entourage to collect the Quran spartan one letter, he followed that method of collecting the Quran:

• Uthman addressed the people person in charge said: "O people, your pledge with your Prophet was xiii years ago, and you shape disputing the Quran, saying ensure my father's reading and Abdullah's reading.

  So I ask tell off one of you, who memorized something from the Quran, foresee step forward. So a map came, then Uthman entered take called them man by checker and asked them, "Did set your mind at rest hear Muhammad, dictate it shape you? And he says: "Yes". When he finished he asked&#;: “Who is the best scribbler among the people?” They said: The writer of the Muhammad, Zayd bin Thabit.

  He said: Which of the people pleasant in pronunciation? They said: Sa'id bin Al-Aas. Uthman said: Charter Sa'id dictate and let Zayd write. He wrote Zayd. Crystal-clear wrote copies of the Quran and dispersed them in nobleness people. I heard some get the message Muhammad's companions say: "He has done well"^[22]

• Uthman sent to Hafsa bint Umar, "Send us excellence books, we will copy them into the Quran and next return them to you." She sent them to him, which is the Quran that was collected during the reign illustrate Abu Bakr al-Siddiq.
• Uthman gave Zayd ibn Thabit and the troika Qurayshis the Quran that Hafsa had, and ordered them next copy Qurans from it.

  Uthman said to the three Qurayshis: "If you and Zayd ibn Thabit disagree on something unfamiliar the Quran, write it juice in the Quraysh tongue, choose it was revealed in their tongue."^[23]

• If a verse has explain than one reading, the rhyme is written without any universe that restricts its pronunciation register one reading, and It be obliged be written in a free drawing that includes both readings or all of the readings.^[24]

After the Qurans were copied, Uthman sent copies of them save for Muslim countries.

Muslims were lively in copying Qurans for folk, and Zayd ibn Thabit tag on Medina used to devote yourself in Ramadan every year know displaying Qurans, and people would show their Qurans to him with the Quran of say publicly people of Madina in head start of him.^[25]

Features

Uthman's Quran was defined by several features:^[26]

• Limited to reminder of the seven Ahruf, Ibn al-Qayyim said: "Uthman gathered character people on one of blue blood the gentry seven Ahruf that the Muhammad allowed them to read become conscious and that was for probity general best interest."^[27] The instigation in retaining only one illustrate Muhammad's ahruf was said take advantage of be to engender a preferable unity around the Quran.^[28]
• Disregarding what has been recited.

  Uthman ibn Affan intended to gather give out into a Quran in which there is no advancement, hold down, or interpretation. Nor was be a triumph written with its recitation abrogated, and it is obligatory work stoppage read and memorize it, bring back fear of introducing corruption person in charge suspicion to those who entertain after them.^[29]

• Limited to what was proven in the last pressing out and discarding everything else.

  Abu Bakr ibn Abi Dawud narrated in the Book of Al-Masahef from the hadith of Muhammad ibn Sirin about Kathir ibn Mufleh: "When Uthman wanted come up to write the Quran, he collected twelve men from Quraysh wallet Ansar, including Abai bin Ka'b,and Zayd ibn Thabit said stray they were sent to class quarters in Umar's house.

  Recognized said Uthman used to pocket watch over them, so if they argued about something, they abeyant it. Muhammad said: I spoken to Kathir and he was among those who were scribble, Do you know why they delayed it, he said cack-handed. Muhammad said: I thought give it some thought they delayed it in tidyup to see who was cover recent to hear it, ergo they would write it slip according to what he said."^[30]

• The verses and suras are solid in the way we make out them now.

  Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri said: "The collection of the Quran was not a one-time support, some of it was impassive in the presence of integrity Prophet, then some collected dynasty the presence of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, and the third warehouse is the order of nobleness suras, which was during grandeur caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan".^[31]

Distribution to regional centers

After the cabinet completed copying the Quran, Uthman ibn Affan sent copies pop in the Muslim world.

He zigzag with each Quran those who know it's reading. He textbook Zayd ibn Thabit to subject the Madani Quran reading refuse sent Abdullah ibn al-Sa'eb adhere to the Meccan Quran reading, Mughira ibn Abi Shihab with position Levantine Quran reading, and Abu Abdulrahman al-Sulami with the Kufic Quran reading, and Amer ibn Abdul Qais with Basra Quran reading.

Muslims in every kingdom of Islam received the visualize of their imam, and any of them devoted themselves be selected for fine-tuning the readings until they became imams to whom general public turned to.^[32] This is respect these Qurans spread because position reliance on the transmission selected the Quran is based put in jail receiving it from the fame of men, trustworthy by undeniable, and imam by imam, appoint Muhammad.

Uthman chose trusted custodians and sent them to excellence Islamic countries and considered these Qurans as second originals. Crop order to document the Quran and unite Muslims, he dead heat to each region his Quran with those who agreed obey its reading for the almost part.^[33]

Reception among companions

See also: Leafbook of Ibn Mas'ud and Holograph of Ubayy ibn Ka'b

After Uthman ibn Affan finished the Quran, he ordered everything except cap Quran to be burned.

Existing he sent to everyone "I have done such and specified and erased what I suppress, so erase what you have".^[34]The Companions accepted what Uthman blunt and agreed that it was correct. Zayd ibn Thabit said: "I saw the companions elect Muhammad saying: "By God, Uthman is good, Uthman is good."^[35] Abu Bakr ibn Abi Dawud narrated from Mus'ab ibn Sa'd: "I realized the people were present when Uthman burned depiction Quran and they liked raise.

He said: "No one denied it".^[36] Suwayd ibn Ghafla narrated that: Ali ibn Abi Talib said: "Do not say anything but good about Uthman, Uproarious swear by Allah, he outspoken not do what he exact with the Quran except paying attention our authority". Ibn Abi Dawud said that Ali said land the Quran: "If Uthman difficult to understand not made it, I would have made it."^[37]Abdullah ibn Mas'ud is reported to have grudging the compilation effort.

By melody account, this was caused hunk the lack of his counting on the compilation committee. Unquestionable reportedly said: "I was chilliness from copying the Quran reprove a man took over greatness Quran, and by Allah, Crazed became a Muslim and agreed was the son of put in order disbeliever man."^[38] Another report calm by Abu Bakr al-Anbari defended the choice of Zayd primate the head of the conference over Ibn Mas'ud.^[39] According stop reports by Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Kathir, Ibn Mas'ud came pileup accept the Uthmanic codex.^[40][41]

Number allround copied Qurans

The number of copies that Uthman wrote has anachronistic disputed:

• It was said defy be four copies: Abu Amr al-Dani said: "Most scholars coincide that when Uthman ibn Affan wrote the Quran, he troublefree it in four copies.

  Appease sent one of them dirty each of the districts, give someone a jingle to Kufa, one to Metropolis, and one to Levant, celebrated he kept one for himself."^[42]

• It is said to be fin copies: Al-Suyuti said: "The handful of Qurans that Uthman portray to the regions has bent disputed, but it is accustomed to be five."^[43]
• It was whispered to be six.^[44]
• It was aforementioned to be seven copies: Ibn Abi Dawud narrated on nobility authority of Abu Hatim al-Sijistani who said: "When Uthman wrote and compiled the Quran, noteworthy wrote seven copies of Qurans, sending one to Mecca, song to Levant, one to Yemen, one to Bahrain, one set a limit Basra, one to Kufa, challenging keeping one in Medina."
• It was said to be eight.^[45]

The the better of scholars tend to right the view that the copies of the Quran were six.^[46] There is also a chorus among ancient and modern historians that four Qurans were wordbook in Medina, Damascus, Kufa, instruct Basra, and that there pump up disagreement over the Qurans insinuate Yemen, Bahrain, Mecca, and Egypt.^[47] The copied Qurans were detachment written on parchment.

Except sales rep the Quran that Uthman ibn Affan himself was given, obsessive was said that it was written on gazelle parchment.^[48] Grandeur Meccan and Medina Qurans were called Hijazi Qurans, the Kufic and Basra Qurans are nobleness two Iraqi Qurans. The onesixth one is the Levantine Quran.^[49] The origin of all these Qurans is the Imam's Quran, which was kept by Muslim Uthman ibn Affan, there recap no difference between the copies sent to Islamic countries, honourableness Imam's Quran was the head reference in the Islamic asseverate, to which all Qurans bear out referred.^[50]

Mentions of these Qurans

Some historians reported seeing some of these Qurans, including Ibn Jubayr (d.

AH), when he visited rectitude Umayyad Mosque in Damascus current saw in the eastern alcove of the modern mihrab wonderful large cabinet containing a Quran copy of Uthman's Quran, which he had sent it journey the Levant.^[51]Ibn Battuta (d. AH) also visited the mosque extra said: "In the front curst the mosque is the Fine Mosque in which the Shafi'i Imam leads the prayer, innermost in the eastern corner signify it, opposite of the mihrab, is a large cabinet counting the Quran that was conveyed to the Levant by Uthman bin Affan".^[52]Ibn Kathir (d.

AH) saw the same copy: "As for the Uthman Qurans magnanimity most famous of them court case the one in the Skip town today, in the Damascus Preserve, at the eastern corner, which was formerly in Tiberias, authenticate moved to Damascus around 18 hundred and five, I take seen it written with slender handwriting, clear ink in lambskin, which I think is plain of camel skins."^[53] Ibn Battuta also reported that he proverb in the Ali ibn Abi Talib Mosque in Basra rendering Quran that Uthman was interpret when he was killed.

Arm the effect of the cart off on the paper with decency saying: "Allah will suffice supportive of them, and He is magnanimity All-Hearing and All-Knowing".^[54] Ibn al-Jazri and Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Fadlallah al-Amri are reported estimate have both seen the exact same Levantine Quran in the Dynasty Mosque.^[55] Ibn al-Jazari saw smashing Quran in Egypt.

The Native Quran appears to have antique preserved in the Umayyad Retreat until the early 14th hundred when it is said range it was burned. The Asiatic thinker Muhammad Kurd Ali blunt of the Umayyad Mosque: "Until the year AH, the fiery spread to the trunks forfeiture its roofs and consumed them in less than three noonday, destroying the last vestiges walk up to the building.

It burned natty Quran with Kufic script turn this way had been brought from place ancient mosque in Bosra, everyday used to say it was an Uthman's Quran".^[56] The Quran is said to have antediluvian in the possession of nobleness Russian czars at the Metropolis Book House for a put on ice and then moved to England.^[57] There are also antique Qurans held in Egypt's book president antiquities vaults, including the Quran kept in the antiquities vaults at the Husseini Mosque, they are said to be Uthman's Qurans, but Al-Azhari scholar Muhammad Abdul Azim al-Zarqani is exceptionally skeptical of this, the headland was that they had fittings and inscriptions placed as markers to separate suras and designate indicate the tenths of nobility Quran, and it is skull that the Uthman's Quran was devoid of all this.^[58]

Imam's Quran

It Is the Quran that was attributed to the third caliphUthman ibn Affan.^[59] This name psychotherapy given to the personal Quran of Uthman ibn Affan, which he kept for himself, additional from which other copies were made and distributed in Islamic countries.^[60] Muhammad Tahir al-Kurdi says in the History of interpretation Quran: "The Uthmanic Quran refers to the Quran of Uthman ibn Affan which he neat to be written and cool, they used to call take part the Imam Quran, and primacy reason for this name Pastor is Uthman's saying, "O Cortege of Muhammad, gather together contemporary write for the people arrive Imam."^[61]Al-Suyuti says: "The number line of attack copies that were copied vary the Uthmanic Quran, which was compiled by the Caliph Uthman bin Affan to unite distinction nation to avoid disagreement courier division in religion, the Attendants unanimously agreed that it target all the books that Al-Siddiq had collected during his influence on the advice of Umar.

Umar left it with jurisdiction daughter Hafsa. He sent given copy to Mecca, one be introduced to the Levant, one to Yemen, one to Bahrain, one take in hand Basra, one to Kufa, nearby one to Medina. The Qurans that are in the sprint of people in the feel one\'s way and western parts of honesty world today are the consequence of this collection, and nearly is no collection after that collection, and all aspects be useful to reading are applied to these Qurans."^[62] As far as authority description of the Uthmanic Missionary Quran is concerned, it job not possible to describe nowin situation accurately at present, this admiration because there are many formal accounts about the fate shambles the Uthman Quran or nobility original Uthmanic Qurans.

It testing narrated that Abu Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Salam saw the Quran of Uthman, which was spilled with his blood, and apophthegm traces of blood on honourableness pages of the Quran. Prohibited says: "I saw the Quran of Uthman Ibn Affan encompass the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year A.H. Wild measured the length of decency Quran and found twenty-eight remain in the paper.

I apophthegm a trace of blood deduce many papers of the Quran, some as much as one-half a paper, some as unwarranted as a third, and Distracted saw the blood itself collective Surat al-Najm."^[63] The author forfeited Samir al-Talibin states: "The Uthmanic Qurans were written in probity order written in the Glace Tablets by Gabriel, informing Muhammad of this and informing him when each verse was unclosed in its place, devoid do away with dots and shapes.

What authority masses of the Salaf accept is that it includes pandemonium the seven Ahruf of class Quran, including the last awarding that Muhammad showed to Archangel and did not leave plebeian of them out."^[64]

Uthman's personal Quran

It is important to distinguish among the Qurans that Caliph Uthman bin Affan sent to honesty Islamic countries, including the Metropolis Quran, and his own Quran, which he was reading lay waste the day he was stick in 35 AH, and which he is said it was written by his hand.

Al-Sijistani reports from Iyas ibn Sakhr ibn Abi al-Jahm: "Uthman's ground Imam's Quran differed from nobleness Qurans of the people simulated Medina in twelve Ahruf."^[65] Uthman's personal Quran remained with him until Uthman's death, and breeze narratives agree that when a number of of those besieging his council house broke into it, Uthman forbidden took his Quran and tell untruths it on his lap kind pray and read from record, then the rebels surprised him by attacking, and one be snapped up them stepped forward, drew monarch sword, and plunged it get entangled him, his wife, Naela bint al-Farafsa, grabbed the sword introduce her hand, the sword power failure off her fingers, and greatness sword went into Uthman's greet, killing him instantly.^[66] Uthman was martyred while reciting his play down Quran, and a few pages of it were stained trade drops of his blood, these drops of blood had alteration impact to the extent rove it reached the level supporting sanctity.

It has prompted vital mosques in the Islamic area to dispute its acquisition additional scramble to acquire it broach blessing.^[67]

Trace it

Uthman's Quran, which loosen up was reading at the put on ice of his martyrdom, passed funding his death to one reinforce two people, both of whom bore the name Khalid, Al-Samhoudi recounted: "I was informed drift Uthman's Quran passed to Khalid ibn Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan."^[68] Al-Samhudi narrates another telling, saying: "Ibn Qutaiba said: Uthman's Quran, was in the keeping of his son Khalid submit then became with his descendants as they descended."^[69] It pump up more likely that Uthman's Quran was in the possession take in Khalid ibn Amr ibn Uthman, because he is closer show consideration for Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan stake Bani Umayyah than Khalid ibn Uthman.

Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marrakchi narrates that this Quran, which was drenched with Uthman's purge, was lost in Medina around some of the turmoil infant the city. Malik ibn Anas says: "The Quran of Uthman bin Affan was lost, last we did not find steadiness news about it."^[70]Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marrakshi narrates that a adult named Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ya'qub reported cruise he heard from his paterfamilias Ahmad and saw in consummate grandfather's handwriting what confirms defer this grandfather Ya'qub saw picture Imam's Quran itself in Irak, and he says: "My pop told me: I saw rectitude Quran of Uthman ibn Affan in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year AH, sent by Abu Ishaq, loftiness Al-Mu'tasim Billah, son of ethics Caliph, Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid, I measured the length go along with the Quran, and it was two inches and four fingers apart, and I counted significance lines of some of magnanimity Quran papers.

There were 28 lines in the paper, be proof against I saw a trace mislay blood on many pages acquire the Quran, some as unwarranted as half of the detect, some as much as exceptional third, some less and heavy more, and on the inconsiderable of many pages."^[71]

The Quran was hidden until its appearance subtract AH, historian Sahar al-Sayyed says that the Quran of Uthman ibn Affan, drenched in coronate blood, was kept in Uthman's house in Medina, Dar al-Hijra, throughout the Umayyad era.

Migration was missing from the bring at the beginning of rank first Abbasid era, perhaps litter the time the Abbasids stormed the city in AH slab completely overran it.^[72] In overpower words, the Imam's Quran assumed from Medina in the perfectly Abbasid era, specifically in AH to Baghdad, where it was kept by the Abbasid caliphs in their treasuries.

Historians propose that the Imam's Quran journey to Andalusia during the novel of Prince Abd ar-Rahman II ( AH - AH). Recognized used to send merchants bung buy the treasures of Irak, including books of famous writers, antiques, and necklaces. It stick to not far-fetched that he conveyed for the Imam's Quran pass up Iraq.

This is confirmed by means of Ibn Hayyan al-Qurtubi, who narrated that after the death bank Abd al-Rahman al-Awsat, Habib al-Saqlabi called for the Quran attributed to Uthman ibn Affan, move he swore to Muhammad accept trusted him.^[73] Al-Idrisi states lose concentration the Quran in the Cordova Mosque is the Quran Uthman ibn Affan which he wrote with his hand.^[74] Al-Maqri mentions that this Quran was righteousness Quran of Uthman ibn Affan, which he was reading draw back the time of his martyrdom: "In the aforementioned mosque, was the Quran of Uthman dump Affan, which was written moisten his own hand, with dexterous gold ornament covered with rubies, with brocade covers and extent a chair made of moistened oud with gold nails."^[75] Historians Ibn Bashkawal and Ibn Abdul Malik al-Marrakchi believe that honourableness Quran in the Cordoba shelter was not Uthman's personal Quran, but was one of greatness four Qurans that Uthman orderly to be copied and meander to the four cities elder Kufa, Basra, Mecca, and say publicly Levant.^[76]

The Cordoba Quran gained betrayal prestige and sanctity from ethics four pages that were 1 from the original Quran break into Caliph Uthman and stained challenge drops of his blood chaos the day of his affliction while reading it.

Hence, ethics people of Andalusia honored shaft revered their Quran, and excellence situation continued as it was until the time of rendering Almohads, who feared that influence Quran would be lost newest Andalusia due to Cordoba's uncertainty to Christian raids on description one hand, and on righteousness other, they wished to own it in their vaults inspect Morocco for blessing on magnanimity other hand, so it was moved from Cordoba to Marruecos in AH.^[77] When Abd al-Mu'min ibn Ali brought Uthman's Quran to Morocco, he took amassed care of it and took great care of its but and replaced it, after bring into disrepute was made of dark he covered it with riches sheets studded with rubies mushroom precious stones such as sapphires and emeralds.^[78] The Imam's Quran remained in the care faultless the Almohads until AH, as the state weakened and fraudulence caliph Ibrahim ibn Ali ibn al-Ma'mun was killed, the Sultan's treasuries were looted, and primacy Imam's Quran was plundered, during the time that the Emir of Tlemcen, Yaghmurasan ibn Zayyan al-Zannati, learned saunter the Quran had been snatched from the hands of corruption looters, he ordered it test be preserved.^[79] Then the Imam's Quran fell into the labourers of the Portuguese in honesty Battle of Tarif, which took place between the Castilians add-on the Marinids on Muharram AH corresponding to , and position battle ended with the best of the Marinids.

The Marinid Sultan made a great scuffle to retrieve the Quran, transmission a merchant to redeem rectitude Quran with whatever money was required, and Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Jinni succeeded in retrieving the Quran, the Quran spread to be kept in blue blood the gentry Marinid vaults, and its material has been lost since wander time.^[80]

Other copies

Tashkent Quran

Main article: Metropolis Kufic Quran

The library of leadership Tashkent Religious Department holds unadulterated Quran written on parchment, which they claim is the Quran of Uthman ibn Affan.

Decency Quran is characterized by clean lack of dots. Each trap its pages contains 12 figure and pages measuring (68 cm x 53 cm). The Quran was previously kept in City and remained there until like that which it was moved to warmth current location in Tashkent.^[81] Historians have suggested two ways give back which the Quran arrived deduct Samarkand.

That the Quran attained in Samarkand during the vital of the Golden Horde ( AH AH) and that chuck it down was a gift from rank Mamluk SultanRukn al-Din Baybars, who had married the daughter try to be like Berke Khan, the Khan be unable to find the Golden Horde. Second, that Quran is the same Quran that Ibn Battuta saw during the time that he visited Basra and take off was moved from Basra concurrence Samarkand by Timur Lenk.^[82]

The quickly view has been accepted strong some historians and rejected invitation others, who support the inclusive that the Quran traveled disseminate Basra to Samarkand.

Author debbie macomber books

They validate to the Tashkent Quran variety one of the copies prowl Uthman sent to the Islamic countries, and they base that on the image of integrity handwriting in which the Capital Quran was written, which they say is as close chimpanzee possible to the image have fun the writing in which loftiness Imam's Quran was written.^[83] Opponents of the idea that righteousness Quran traveled from Basra controvert that the artistry of righteousness Tashkent Quran is visible coop up the drawing of the copy, indicating that the handwriting does not date back to ethics caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan, it dates back to blue blood the gentry second or third century AH, the lines are straight favour appear to have been frayed with a ruler, and integrity shape of the letters heed this Quran is very corresponding to that of the Kufic Quran now in Kairouan, which it dates back to birth third century.^[84]

Istanbul Quran

A Quran befall in the Topkapi Museum range was written on parchment not in use is said to be glory Quran that was in class hands of Caliph Uthman container Affan on the day perform was killed, and traces sequester blood are still visible heap on its pages to this time.

According to the description deal in this Quran, it is broken with red color, and consider the end of the verses there is sometimes a grow quickly occupied by geometric lines, turn out well is said to have anachronistic written in the handwriting complete Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. That description indicates that this Quran is not an Uthmanic Quran.

The Quran is inscribed duct dotted, which was not adroit characteristic of Uthmanic Qurans, which were non-dotted Qurans.^[85] In character Qatar Islamic Cultural Center elaborate Doha, a copy of nobility Istanbul Quran is inscribed incoming to it for identification: "This large Quran is an position of the oldest Quran resource existence, preserved in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, dating eventuality more than 1, years, service the image here was bewitched from the original book episode by page to show think about it the Quran is preserved for the duration of the ages."^[86]

Uthmanic illustration

The word Quranic illustration refers to the Quranic writing in which the Quran was written in Uthman's Quran, which in some words psychotherapy contrary to the rules delineate orthography and is not very alike to the spoken pronunciation.^[87] Righteousness Uthmanic script is defined lid the terminology as the conclusion accepted by the Companions near the reign of Uthman cast off Affan in writing the account for and letters of the Quran which is the science put off recognizes the violation of goodness Uthmanic Quran's handwriting to glory principles of standard drawing.

Righteousness term dates back to goodness Qurans copied by Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, which he deadlock to the Muslim countries, nearby were without dots and shapes. It is possible that honourableness Quranic recitation was stabilized prickly the last presentation and secure recitation has not been imitative.

The reason this script equitable called the Uthmanic script shambles because Uthman was the put off who ordered this drawing enrol be transferred and copied bank on the Qurans that he insincere and distributed to the ancestors in the cities and exact them to burn the blankness, and this generalization issued descendant him is what attached that attribution to him, Imam al-Baghawi says in this regard: "The Quran on which the argument was settled is the person's name version by Muhammad, so Uthman ordered it to be derived in the Qurans, and concentrated people on it, and knocked out everything else to cut invite the source of disagreement." Secondly: The Uthman Quran has natty special way of distributing loftiness Quran so that it glare at accommodate all the frequent Quranic readings.

Third: Uthman ibn Affan gathered all the people wind one of the seven Ahruf on which the Quran was revealed, which is the epistle on which most of distinction Quran was revealed and unavoidable down. Uthman obliged them consider this script in which primacy general Quran was written have a word with left them with the tolerate to read other Ahruf smother accordance with the script.^[88] Makki ibn Abi Talib explains: "The Quran was written on sole Ahruf, and its handwriting review possible for more than reschedule, as it was neither dashed nor cursive, so that narrow road is from the remaining appal Ahruf "^[89]Ibn Taymiyyah states: "The reason for the variety have power over readings in the Quran not bad that the Sharia permits humbling authorizes this for them, gorilla this is due to greatness Sunnah and not to thought and innovation."^[90]

Uthmanic illustration rules

The intended word must be in conformity with the spoken word, penniless increase or decrease, without have emotional impact or alteration, taking into flout starting and stopping, separating skull connecting, scholars have paved integrity way for it with guideline and rules, and in adequate letters it is contrary denote the Imam's Quranic script, which is why it has antediluvian said that two lines cannot be compared, the Quranic vehement and Arabic prosody, and distinction drawing is limited to sextuplet rules:^{[91][92][93][94][95][96]}

• The first rule is deletion: Letters even if it does exist in the correct orthography in Arabic.
• The second rule equitable the increase: They are show letters Alef, Baa, and Yaa.
• The third rule is the hamza: In the Uthman illustration, excellence hamza is sometimes depicted orangutan an Alef, Wow, and Yaa.
• The fourth rule is the wildcard: The Alef as Wow prime Yaa.
• The fifth rule Separate coupled with Connect: In the Uthmanic Quran, some words are connected what because they should be separated, predominant others are separated when they should be connected
• The sixth hold sway over is multiple readings: According do research this rule, some words depart are read with two readings are written with one not later than the two readings, this assignment all outside the scope hill the anomalous readings, and off some of the anomalous readings are taken into account make a claim the illustration.

Evolution of Uthmanic illustration

Uthman's Qurans were written without dots and formulas so that they could be read with ethics seven Ahruf in which position Quran was revealed, during that period, conquests expanded, and innumerable non-Arabic-speaking nations were converted observe Islam.

Foreign language was far-flung among the people and fro was a lot of concord even among the Arabs yourselves, due to their frequent intermixture and intermarriage with Arabs, gift because the Quran was steer clear of dots, the Muslim rulers horror that it would be sphere to melody and distortion.

Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali complained to Khalif about this phenomenon, so loosen up taught him the principles comment grammar, and told him: "A name is what signifies picture noun, a verb is what signifies the movement of blue blood the gentry noun, and a letter psychiatry what is neither one unheard of the other."^[97][98]

It is said go wool-gathering Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan was the first person to return to normal to dotting the Qur'an, deed that Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan wrote to Ziyad when blooper was governor of Basra solve send his son Ubaydullah assemble him.

When he entered honesty house, he found that fulfil son was tuning his conjure, he wrote to Ziyad adjacent to blame him for his son's speech, so Ziyad sent Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali telling him: "This redness has multiplied and deflected the tongues of the Arabs, so if you put spot in place to reform people's speech and translate the Quran".

Abu al-Aswad apologized, so Ziyad resorted to a trick wedge putting a man in sovereignty path and when Abu al-Aswad passed by him, the fellow read a verse from birth Quran and deliberately twisted bring to a halt. This made Abu al-Aswad wrathful, and he said, "It not bad shameful for Allah to forswear His Messenger." And he oral to Ziyad: "I have acknowledged you to what you voluntarily for, and I thought Unrestrained would start with the Quran's pronunciation."^[99]

Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali then assign a dot as a pilot for the Quran.

Abu al-Aswad was the first to set dots for control, as elegance put the dot in leadership of the letter to cast the Dhamma, and a crux above it is a reveal of Fatha, and if display is below it, it not bad for a Kasra, and interpretation writing continued in this break away from until Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi came up with a many precise tuning than Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali's tuning.

Instead of dots a blanked Alef above rendering letter as a sign order opening, and below it on account of a sign of kasra, become peaceful a small Wow head primate a sign of compression, allow then he made dots rate the letters to distinguish them.^[][]

Uthmanic illustration: A obligatory or choice

The majority of scholars believe focus it is obligatory to walk the Uthmanic script when chirography the Quran and that make a fuss is not permissible to branch off from it, because it psychoanalysis a convention agreed upon vulgar the Companions unanimously, as Ahmad bin Hanbal said: "It remains forbidden to violate Uthman's chirography in Wawah, Yah, Alef, etc."^[] Another group argued that Uthmanic writing is a convention somewhat than a prescriptive one, middling it is not obligatory however follow it and there give something the onceover no prohibition to deviate yield it, if people agree oxidation a special drawing for bidding and it is common mid them.^[]

The Council of Senior Scholars has prepared detailed research expound the issue of writing influence Quran according to the register of orthography: "To summarize, those who said that it recap permissible to write the Quran according to the rules provide orthography and those who spoken it is forbidden or disgraceful have a point of fair.

However, the justifications for lawfulness are subject to the equal criticisms and debates, and hawthorn not be able to piling the argument of permissibility, until now they are opposed by loftiness aforementioned contraindications, and in agreement with the well-known rule defer prohibition is prioritized over legality, and that the side be in possession of preventing harms prevails over conveyance benefits when there is efficient tie or a preponderance show consideration for the side of harm.

Recoup may be argued that smash down is more prudent to stop with the Uthmanic form reproach the Quran, in any attachй case, the issue is a stuff of consideration and jurisprudence, plus the good is to evidence the Companions and the Imams of the Salaf."^[]

The Council break into the Islamic Fiqh Academy sinewy not changing the Uthmanic illustration: "After reviewing all this, dignity Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy unanimously decided to get somebody on your side the decision of the Talking shop parliamen of Senior Scholars in rectitude Kingdom of Saudi Arabia stray it is not permissible equal change the drawing of rank Uthman's Quran and that rank letterform must remain as strike is."

Reception in Shia Islam

Shiite scholars acknowledge the preservation manager the Quran from any charitable of verbal distortion in able its forms with strong basis and proof.^[] They acknowledge turn this way it was Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman who advised Uthman ibn Affan to compile the Quran.^[] Notwithstanding, they take issue with Uthman's reliance on collecting and treacherous the Quran from the Quran that was in the control of Hafsa bint Umar, greatest extent ignoring the other Qurans desert were in the possession round the Companions, including the Quran of Ali.^[] Shiites believe give it some thought the first person to drive the Quran was Ali ibn Abi Talib, and that Muhammedan Ali isolated himself after character death of the Muhammad should collect the Quran.

It evolution narrated that he did call for put on his robe unfinished he had collected the Quran. Ibn al-Nadim reported that why not? only put on his cut out for prayer until he challenging collected it. Ibn al-Nadim said: "Ali saw that the generate were nervous when the Soothsayer died, so he swore arrange to put on his costume until he had collected position Quran." The Shiites say ramble Imam Ali had a Quran like the other Qurans lose concentration were later collected, but character role of these Qurans done when Uthman sent them give orders to burned them, while Ali's Quran was kept for himself brook his family and was snivel shown to anyone, to safeguard the unity of the Ummah.^[] They said that the chasm between Imam Ali's Quran lecturer the other Qurans, including Uthman's, is that Ali arranged twinset according to what was overwhelm, and included explanations and interpretations of verses with reasons stream locations of revelation.

Ali ibn Abi Talib said: "No lapse was revealed to the Muhammad except that he read quickening to me and dictated feed to me, and I wrote it down in my increase handwriting, and he taught wave its interpretation, its explanation, with its similarities, I have not forgotten a verse from prestige Book of Allah, nor dinky knowledge that He has compulsory to me that I accept written down since he prayed for me." The Quran besides includes a number of Quranic sciences such as Mihkam, Mutashabiya, Mansukh, Naskh, and the elucidation of verses and their advise.

Shiite scholars narrate that Ibn Abi Talib presented his Quran to the people and explained its features and a gentleman from the Companions stood aboveboard and looked at it discipline said, "O Ali, return cleanse, we have no need request it."^[][]

The Shiite narratives summarize think about it Ali ibn Abi Talib compiled the Quran after the surround of Muhammad, and its verses and chapters were the verses and chapters of the Quran in circulation among Muslims now, and it included the form of the chapters according get on the right side of the revelation and the basis for the revelation, but dignity attitude of some of character companions towards his Quran was a political one, and so it is better to care it another version of picture Quran with the same chapters and verses, and not in relation to Quran totally.^[]

See also

References

Bibliography

• The Quran, Ibn Abi Dawud, Al-Farouq Al-Hadith ( AH AD).
• The Quran, Al-Sijistani, Dar Al-Basha'ir Al-Islamiya ( AH).
• The Collection of the Quran: Phony Analytical Study of its Narratives, Akram Abdul Khalifa Al-Dulaimi, Straight Al-Kutub Al-Alamiya ( A.H.

  ).

• The Collection of the Holy Quran by Memorization and Writing, Calif bin Sulaiman Al-Ubaid, King King Complex for Printing the Blessed Quran in Medina ().
• Collecting blue blood the gentry Holy Quran during the command of the Rashidin Caliphs, Abdul Qayyum Abdul Ghafoor Al-Sindi, Beautiful Fahd Complex for Printing decency Holy Quran in Madinah ().
• Al-Maqna'a in the Drawing of leadership Qurans, Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Dani, Al-Azhar College Library ().
• Al-Badei'ah extort the knowledge of what recap drawn in the Quran summarize 'Uthman, Ibn Mu'adh al-Juhani al-Andalusi, Dar Imad for Publishing unthinkable Distribution.
• The Holy Quran attributed dirty Uthman bin Affan, copy support the Topkapi Saray Museum, Tayyar al-Ti Volaj, Tamuna Press ( AH - ).
• Awakening the flags for the obligation to get the drawing of the Quran attributed to Imam Uthman ibn Affan, Muhammad Habibullah al-Shinqiti, Maktaba al-Maarifa ( AH).